Match the entities in List-I with their corresponding definitions or applications in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Biopiracy refers to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies without proper authorisation from the concerned countries and people, or without compensatory payment.
B. Transgenic animals serve as models for human diseases such as cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and Alzheimer’s.
C. PCR is routinely used in diagnostics to detect mutations in genes in suspected cancer patients.
D. The milk produced by the transgenic cow Rosie (1997) contained the human protein alpha-lactalbumin.

Match the specific examples/terms in List-I with their corresponding biological significance in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Enzyme replacement therapy (in which functional ADA is given by injection) is not a completely curative approach for ADA deficiency.
B. The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4-year old girl suffering from ADA deficiency.
C. The proteins encoded by the genes *cryIAc* and *cryIIAb* control the cotton bollworms.
D. Transgenic mice constitute over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals.

Match the applications of transgenic animals in List-I with their specific outcomes in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-S, C-Q, D-R
• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
• A-Q, B-P, C-S, D-R
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-S, C-Q, D-R ]

Remark: A. Transgenic animals are made more sensitive to toxic substances to obtain results in less time (Chemical safety testing).
B. Transgenic animals are designed to study complex factors involved in growth, such as insulin-like growth factor.
C. Transgenic animals produce useful biological products like human protein alpha-1-antitrypsin used to treat emphysema.
D. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines, such as the polio vaccine.

Match the diagnostic methods in List-I with their basis/limitation in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-R, C-S, D-Q
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
• A-R, B-P, C-S, D-Q
Correct Option: D  [ A-R, B-P, C-S, D-Q ]

Remark: A. Early diagnosis is achieved using techniques like Recombinant DNA technology, PCR, and ELISA.
B. Conventional methods like serum and urine analysis are limited because early detection is not possible.
C. When a radioactive probe is used, if the gene is mutated, the probe will not hybridise (lack complementarity), and thus the clone will not appear on the photographic film.
D. ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay) is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction.

Match the aspects of Bt Toxin in List-I with their corresponding mechanisms/details in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-R, B-P, C-Q, D-S
• A-Q, B-R, C-P, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-R, B-Q, C-P, D-S
Correct Option: A  [ A-R, B-P, C-Q, D-S ]

Remark: A. The Bt toxin protein exists as inactive protoxins in *Bacillus thuringiensis*.
B. The inactive toxin is converted into an active form due to the alkaline pH of the insect gut, which solubilises the crystals.
C. The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells, creating pores that cause cell swelling and lysis, eventually leading to death.
D. The toxin is coded by a gene named *cry*.

Match the terms related to plant tissue culture in List-I with their definitions in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-R, B-P, C-Q, D-S
• A-R, B-S, C-P, D-Q
Correct Option: C  [ A-R, B-P, C-Q, D-S ]

Remark: A. Explant is any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube.
B. Totipotency is the capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant.
C. Somaclones are the genetically identical plants produced through micro-propagation.
D. The nutrient medium must provide inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, a carbon source (sucrose), and growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins.

Match the ethical/legal aspects in List-I with their descriptions in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-R, C-P, D-S
• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-S, B-R, C-Q, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Biopiracy is the use of bio-resources by multinational companies without proper authorization and compensatory payment.
B. The Indian Parliament has recently cleared the second amendment of the Indian Patents Bill to take ethical issues into consideration.
C. Developing and underdeveloped nations are rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to bio-resources.
D. The 1997 patent granted on Basmati rice to an American company was derived from Indian farmer's varieties crossed with semi-dwarf varieties.

Match the stages of insulin production/source in List-I with their characteristics in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-R, C-S, D-Q
• A-R, B-Q, C-S, D-P
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-R, C-S, D-P
Correct Option: D  [ A-Q, B-R, C-S, D-P ]

Remark: A. The insulin pro-hormone contains an extra stretch called the C peptide.
B. Mature insulin consists of two polypeptide chains (A and B) linked by disulphide bridges.
C. Eli Lilly prepared two DNA sequences for chains A and B and introduced them separately in *E. coli* plasmids.
D. Insulin extracted from slaughtered cattle and pigs sometimes caused allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein.

Match the biotechnological concepts in List-I with their functions/definitions in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-R, B-P, C-Q, D-S
• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: C  [ A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S ]

Remark: A. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation.
B. Bioremediation and waste treatment are among the applications of biotechnology.
C. Downstream processing technologies are critical research areas used to purify the protein/organic compound.
D. Recombinant therapeutics do not induce unwanted immunological responses, unlike similar products from non-human sources.

Match the features of ADA gene therapy in List-I with their description in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-S, B-Q, C-P, D-R
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-R, B-Q, C-S, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-S, B-Q, C-P, D-R ]

Remark: A. ADA deficiency is caused due to the deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase.
B. A permanent cure for ADA deficiency could be achieved if the gene is introduced into cells at an early embryonic stage.
C. Infusion of genetically engineered lymphocytes provides only temporary relief because the lymphocytes are not immortal, requiring periodic infusions.
D. A retroviral vector is used to introduce functional ADA cDNA into the patient's lymphocytes.