Match the processes in List-I with their description or key components in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-R, B-Q, C-P, D-S
• A-P, B-Q, C-S, D-R
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Somatic hybridisation is the process of fusing isolated protoplasts from different plant varieties to form somatic hybrids (e.g., pomato).
B. The inactive Bt protoxin is converted into an active toxin due to the alkaline pH of the insect gut.
C. A pro-hormone (like pro-insulin) needs to be processed (e.g., removal of C peptide) before it becomes fully mature and functional.
D. Even if a plant is infected with a virus, the meristem (apical and axillary) is virus-free; hence, meristem culture is used to obtain virus-free plants.

Match the applications of biotechnology in List-I with their corresponding description/examples in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-P, D-R
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-S, C-Q, D-R
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Diagnostics like PCR and ELISA serve the purpose of early diagnosis.
B. Therapeutics involves the mass production of safe and more effective recombinant drugs, which do not induce unwanted immunological responses.
C. Genetic modification has made crops pest-resistant, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.
D. Biotechnology essentially deals with industrial scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals.

Match the genetic terms in List-I with their features or use cases in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-S, D-R
• A-P, B-S, C-R, D-Q
• A-R, B-Q, C-P, D-S
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Gene therapy is a collection of methods allowing correction of a gene defect by inserting a normal gene into a person's cells.
B. A radioactive molecule (probe) tagged to a single stranded DNA/RNA is used to hybridise to complementary DNA, followed by detection using autoradiography.
C. Bt toxin protein exists as an inactive protoxin within the bacterium *Bacillus thuringiensis* itself.
D. A retroviral vector is used to introduce functional ADA cDNA into lymphocytes from the patient in gene therapy.

Match the growth factors/hormones in List-I with their features in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-Q, C-S, D-R
• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-R, B-Q, C-P, D-S
Correct Option: C  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, linked together by disulphide bridges.
B. The C peptide is an extra stretch in pro-insulin that is removed during maturation.
C. Transgenic animals are designed to study factors involved in growth, such as insulin-like growth factor.
D. Growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins are required components of the special nutrient media for growing explants in vitro.

Match the diagnosis methods in List-I with their basis/mechanism in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-R, B-S, C-P, D-Q
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Using conventional methods of diagnosis (serum and urine analysis), early detection of pathogens is generally not possible.
B. PCR detects very low concentrations of viruses or bacteria by amplification of their nucleic acid.
C. When a probe is used to detect a mutated gene, the probe will not hybridise (lack complementarity), and the clone will consequently not appear on the photographic film.
D. ELISA detects infection by the presence of antigens or by detecting the antibodies synthesized against the pathogen.

Match the organisms/products in List-I with their classification or use in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. *Bacillus thuringiensis* (Bt) forms protein crystals containing a toxic insecticidal protein.
B. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a human protein produced by transgenic animals and used to treat emphysema.
C. Rosie was the first transgenic cow, produced in 1997.
D. Transgenic mice are often made more sensitive to toxic substances to obtain faster results in chemical safety/toxicity testing.

Match the biotechnological concepts in List-I with their functions/features in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-R, B-P, C-S, D-Q
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-R, B-Q, C-P, D-S
• A-S, B-R, C-P, D-Q
Correct Option: A  [ A-R, B-P, C-S, D-Q ]

Remark: A. The activated Bt toxin binds to midgut epithelial cells, creates pores, and causes cell swelling and lysis, leading to the death of the insect.
B. Genetic modification (GM) has led to increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants, preventing early exhaustion of soil fertility.
C. Developing and underdeveloped countries are rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to bio-resources.
D. Gene therapy is a collection of methods allowing correction of a gene defect diagnosed in a child/embryo.

Match the processes or components in List-I with their specific role in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. The meristem (apical and axillary) is typically free of viruses, even if the plant is infected, allowing for the recovery of healthy plants.
B. Cloning and expressing the Bt toxin gene in plants provides resistance to insects without the need for insecticides, effectively creating a bio-pesticide.
C. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines, such as the polio vaccine.
D. Eli Lilly prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chains of human insulin and introduced them in *E. coli* plasmids in 1983.

Match the entities in List-I with their corresponding definitions or characteristics in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-R, B-S, C-P, D-Q
Correct Option: B  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Protoplasts are isolated single cells from plants after digesting their cell walls, leaving them naked (surrounded only by plasma membranes).
B. Basmati rice is known for its unique aroma and flavor, with 27 documented varieties grown in India.
C. A complementary dsRNA molecule binds to a specific mRNA and prevents its translation, leading to silencing (RNAi).
D. Recombinant therapeutics are safe and effective because they are identical to human proteins, hence they do not induce unwanted immunological responses.

Match the concepts in List-I with their historical context or function in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-S, B-R, C-Q, D-P
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-S, C-R, D-Q
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. The Green Revolution succeeded in tripling the food supply.
B. Traditional breeding techniques failed to keep pace with demand and provide sufficiently fast systems for crop improvement.
C. A pro-hormone needs to be processed (e.g., removal of C peptide) before it becomes a fully mature and functional hormone.
D. GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee) is set up by the Indian Government to evaluate the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms.