Match the historical concept/figure in List-I with its description in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV ]

Remark: Rene Descartes was a 17th-century philosopher [1, II].
Biotechnology is a 20th-century off-shoot of modern biology [2, I].
The anthropocentric approach guides science toward human comfort [1, III].
Physics and chemistry gave rise to engineering and industries [1, IV].

Match the large scale culture process or condition in List-I with its description in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV ]

Remark: Used medium is drained out in continuous culture [49, II].
Log phase is the physiologically most active phase of cells [49, III].
Continuous culture leads to large biomass and higher yields [49, I].
Small scale culture cannot yield appreciable quantities [51, IV].

Match the principle of gel electrophoresis (List-I) with the underlying mechanism or observation (List-II):

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
• A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II ]

Remark: DNA moves towards the anode [23, III].
Fragments separate according to size [23, IV].
Smaller fragments move farther than larger ones [23, I].
Agarose gel provides the sieving effect [23, II].

Match the three primary steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in List-I with their corresponding action or outcome in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV ]

Remark: Denaturation uses high temperature to separate strands [45, II].
Annealing is the binding of primers [44, I].
Extension involves DNA polymerase synthesizing DNA [44, III].
Repeated cycles achieve billion-fold amplification [44, IV].

Match the process or product in List-I with its classification or mechanism in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-III, B-II, C-II, D-IV
• A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
• A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
• A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
Correct Option: A  [ A-III, B-II, C-II, D-IV ]

Remark: Making curd is a microbe-mediated process and a form of traditional biotechnology [5, I, III].
Synthesizing a gene is part of modern biotechnology [6, II].
Developing a DNA vaccine is part of modern biotechnology [6, II].
Using genetically modified organisms is the restricted sense of modern biotechnology [5, IV].

Match the detailed requirements of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in List-I with their function or characteristic in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III ]

Remark: Primers are small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides [44, II].
Genomic DNA serves as the template [44, I].
Nucleotides are provided in the reaction for extension [44, IV].
Thermostable polymerase remains active during high temperature denaturation [44, 45, III].

Match the specific feature of the pBR322 vector in List-I with its function or location in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III ]

Remark: *ampR* is a selectable marker for Ampicillin resistance [28, 31, II].
Pst I is listed as a restriction site on pBR322, specifically shown in the *ampR* region [31, IV].
*rop* codes for proteins involved in the replication of the plasmid [31, I].
BamH I site is located in the tetracycline resistance gene [29, 31, III].

Match the part of the Restriction Enzyme name (EcoRI) in List-I with the convention it represents in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II ]

Remark: E comes from the genus (*Escherichia*) [17, III].
co comes from the species (*coli*) [17, I].
R is derived from the strain name (RY 13) [17, 18, IV].
I (Roman numeral) indicates the order of isolation [18, II].

Match the scope or definition of Biotechnology in List-I with its description in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV ]

Remark: Traditional biotechnology is defined by using organisms/enzymes for useful products [5, II].
The restricted sense refers to processes using genetically modified organisms [5, III].
EFB definition encompasses integration of natural science and molecular analogues [6, I].
Curd/bread/wine making are microbe-mediated processes [5, IV].

Match the method of introducing alien DNA into host cells (List-I) with its corresponding description (List-II):

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV ]

Remark: Micro-injection involves direct injection into the nucleus of an animal cell [37, II].
Biolistics/Gene Gun bombards cells with micro-particles [38, I].
Divalent cations (like Ca++) treat bacterial cells to make them competent [36, III].
Disarmed pathogens infect the cell to transfer RDNA [38, IV].