Match the historical concept/figure in List-I with its description in List-II:
List-I (Concept/Figure)
List-II (Description/Source)
A. Rene Descartes
I. Twentieth century off-shoot of modern biology
B. Biotechnology
II. French philosopher, mathematician, and biologist of the seventeenth century
C. Anthropocentric Approach
III. Understanding natural phenomena directed towards human comfort and welfare
D. Physics and Chemistry disciplines
IV. Gave rise to engineering, technologies, and industries
Rene Descartes was a 17th-century philosopher [1, II]. Biotechnology is a 20th-century off-shoot of modern biology [2, I]. The anthropocentric approach guides science toward human comfort [1, III]. Physics and chemistry gave rise to engineering and industries [1, IV].
Question 422 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the large scale culture process or condition in List-I with its description in List-II:
List-I (Culture System)
List-II (Characteristic)
A. Used medium
I. Large biomass leading to higher yields
B. Log/Exponential phase
II. Drained out from one side in continuous culture
C. Continuous Culture System result
III. Physiologically most active phase of cells
D. Small scale laboratory culture limitation
IV. Cannot yield appreciable quantities of products
Used medium is drained out in continuous culture [49, II]. Log phase is the physiologically most active phase of cells [49, III]. Continuous culture leads to large biomass and higher yields [49, I]. Small scale culture cannot yield appreciable quantities [51, IV].
Question 423 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the principle of gel electrophoresis (List-I) with the underlying mechanism or observation (List-II):
List-I (Principle)
List-II (Mechanism/Feature)
A. DNA migration direction
I. Smaller fragments travel farther
B. Fragment separation basis
II. Sieving effect provided by the agarose gel
C. Relationship between size and movement
III. Towards the anode (positive electrode)
D. Agarose gel matrix function
IV. According to their size
DNA moves towards the anode [23, III]. Fragments separate according to size [23, IV]. Smaller fragments move farther than larger ones [23, I]. Agarose gel provides the sieving effect [23, II].
Question 424 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the three primary steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in List-I with their corresponding action or outcome in List-II:
List-I (PCR Cycle Step)
List-II (Action/Condition)
A. Denaturation
I. Annealing (binding) of primers to the template DNA
B. Annealing
II. High temperature induced separation of double stranded DNA
C. Extension
III. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA segment
D. Repeated Cycles
IV. Amplification to approximately billion times
Denaturation uses high temperature to separate strands [45, II]. Annealing is the binding of primers [44, I]. Extension involves DNA polymerase synthesizing DNA [44, III]. Repeated cycles achieve billion-fold amplification [44, IV].
Question 425 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the process or product in List-I with its classification or mechanism in List-II:
List-I (Product/Process)
List-II (Classification/Mechanism)
A. Making curd
I. Microbe-mediated process
B. Synthesis of a gene
II. Modern biotechnology
C. Developing a DNA vaccine
III. Also considered a form of biotechnology (traditional sense)
D. Using genetically modified organisms (restricted sense)
IV. Modern biotechnology (focused on engineered organisms)
Making curd is a microbe-mediated process and a form of traditional biotechnology [5, I, III]. Synthesizing a gene is part of modern biotechnology [6, II]. Developing a DNA vaccine is part of modern biotechnology [6, II]. Using genetically modified organisms is the restricted sense of modern biotechnology [5, IV].
Question 426 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the detailed requirements of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in List-I with their function or characteristic in List-II:
List-I (PCR Component)
List-II (Role/Requirement)
A. Primers
I. Template for DNA synthesis
B. Genomic DNA
II. Small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides
C. Nucleotides (dNTPs)
IV. Provided in the reaction for enzyme extension
D. Thermostable DNA Polymerase
III. Remain active during high temperature denaturation
Primers are small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides [44, II]. Genomic DNA serves as the template [44, I]. Nucleotides are provided in the reaction for extension [44, IV]. Thermostable polymerase remains active during high temperature denaturation [44, 45, III].
Question 427 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the specific feature of the pBR322 vector in List-I with its function or location in List-II:
List-I (pBR322 Feature)
List-II (Role/Example)
A. ampR gene
I. Protein involved in replication of the plasmid
B. Pst I site
II. Selectable marker conferring Ampicillin resistance
C. rop gene
III. Specific location within the tetR gene
D. BamH I site
IV. Restriction site located within the ampR gene
*ampR* is a selectable marker for Ampicillin resistance [28, 31, II]. Pst I is listed as a restriction site on pBR322, specifically shown in the *ampR* region [31, IV]. *rop* codes for proteins involved in the replication of the plasmid [31, I]. BamH I site is located in the tetracycline resistance gene [29, 31, III].
Question 428 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the part of the Restriction Enzyme name (EcoRI) in List-I with the convention it represents in List-II:
List-I (Naming Part of EcoRI)
List-II (Represents)
A. E
I. Species of the prokaryotic cell
B. co
II. Order in which the enzyme was isolated
C. R
III. Genus of the prokaryotic cell
D. I
IV. Name of the strain
E comes from the genus (*Escherichia*) [17, III]. co comes from the species (*coli*) [17, I]. R is derived from the strain name (RY 13) [17, 18, IV]. I (Roman numeral) indicates the order of isolation [18, II].
Question 429 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the scope or definition of Biotechnology in List-I with its description in List-II:
List-I (Definition/Process)
List-II (Scope)
A. Traditional Biotechnology
I. Integration of natural science and organisms/cells/molecular analogues for products/services
B. Restricted sense of Biotechnology
II. Use of live organisms or enzymes to produce products/processes useful to humans
C. EFB Definition of Biotechnology
III. Processes using genetically modified organisms
D. Making curd, bread, or wine
IV. Microbe-mediated processes
Traditional biotechnology is defined by using organisms/enzymes for useful products [5, II]. The restricted sense refers to processes using genetically modified organisms [5, III]. EFB definition encompasses integration of natural science and molecular analogues [6, I]. Curd/bread/wine making are microbe-mediated processes [5, IV].
Question 430 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the method of introducing alien DNA into host cells (List-I) with its corresponding description (List-II):
List-I (Method)
List-II (Description/Host Type)
A. Micro-injection
I. Bombarding cells with high velocity micro-particles of gold or tungsten
B. Gene Gun (Biolistics)
II. Direct injection of RDNA into the nucleus of an animal cell
C. Chemical treatment (Ca++)
III. Used to make bacterial cells competent to take up plasmid DNA
D. Disarmed Pathogen Vectors
IV. Used to infect the host cell, transferring the recombinant DNA
Micro-injection involves direct injection into the nucleus of an animal cell [37, II]. Biolistics/Gene Gun bombards cells with micro-particles [38, I]. Divalent cations (like Ca++) treat bacterial cells to make them competent [36, III]. Disarmed pathogens infect the cell to transfer RDNA [38, IV].
