Match the component in List-I essential for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with its function or description in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV ]

Remark: Thermostable DNA polymerase is isolated from *Thermus aquaticus* [44, II].
Primers are small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides [44, I].
Genomic DNA serves as the template [44, III].
The goal is to synthesize multiple copies of the gene of interest [43, IV].

Match the specialized bioreactor components in List-I with their functions in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
• A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV ]

Remark: Foam control system manages foam [50, II].
Sampling ports allow withdrawal of culture volumes [50, I].
In a sparged bioreactor, sterile air bubbles are sparged through [52, III].
The shape (cylindrical or curved base) facilitates mixing [49, IV].

Match the contaminant/component in List-I with the substance/enzyme used for its removal or precipitation during DNA isolation (List-II):

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV ]

Remark: RNA is removed by ribonuclease [41, II].
Proteins are removed by protease [41, I].
Fungal cell wall is broken by chitinase [40, III].
DNA is precipitated by chilled ethanol [41, IV].

Match the cloning site requirements in List-I with their associated reasoning or location in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
• A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
• A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV ]

Remark: A vector needs few recognition sites for simple cloning [29, III].
Ligation is carried out at the restriction site [29, I].
Multiple recognition sites complicate cloning by generating several fragments [29, II].
BamH I is located within the *tetR* gene [29, IV].

Match the natural or modified pathogen in List-I with the host transformation process in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV ]

Remark: *A. tumifaciens* naturally transforms plant cells into tumors [34, II].
Retroviruses naturally transform animal cells into cancerous cells [34, I].
Disarmed Ti plasmid (modified *A. tumifaciens*) is used for gene delivery into plants [35, III].
Disarmed retroviruses are used to deliver desirable genes into animal cells [35, IV].

Match the key term in List-I related to modern biotechnology with its definition or goal in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
• A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV ]

Remark: A recombinant protein is expressed in a heterologous host [48, III].
Genetic engineering alters the chemistry of genetic material [7, I].
Bioprocess engineering maintains sterile ambiance [8, II].
The ultimate aim of RDT is to produce a desirable protein [47, IV].

Match the DNA visualization step in List-I with its corresponding compound or result in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV ]

Remark: DNA is stained with ethidium bromide [24, II].
Pure DNA fragments are invisible in visible light [24, I].
UV exposure results in bright orange bands [24, III].
Separated bands are cut out (elution) [24, IV, 25].

Match the enzyme or enzyme source in List-I with its description or origin in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
• A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
• A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV ]

Remark: EcoRI is isolated from *Escherichia coli* RY 13 [17, III].
Taq Polymerase is isolated from *Thermus aquaticus* [44, I].
Hind II is implicitly stated to be derived from *H. influenzae* based on its name (H=Genus, in=species), although the full name is not given in the text, its naming follows the convention derived from its source organism [17, II].
Nucleases are the larger class of enzymes to which REs belong [18, IV].

Match the component of color-based selection in List-I with its result or function in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
• A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
• A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
• A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
Correct Option: A  [ A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV ]

Remark: RDNA is inserted within the coding sequence of the $eta$-galactosidase gene [32, III].
Non-recombinant colonies have an intact gene and produce blue color [33, II].
Recombinant colonies have the gene inactivated and do not produce color (white) [33, I].
Chromogenic substrate allows differentiation based on color production [32, IV].

Match the stage of DNA isolation (List-I) with the corresponding technique or substance used (List-II):

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
• A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
• A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV ]

Remark: DNA is released by breaking the cell open using enzymes like lysozyme/cellulase/chitinase [40, II].
Proteins are removed by treatment with protease [41, III].
DNA is precipitated by chilled ethanol [41, I].
DNA threads are removed by spooling [41, IV].