NEET MCQs Practice on Biotechnology : Principles and Processes Class-XII Biology, Free unlimited practice on Biotechnology : Principles and Processes Class-XII Biology Mcqs

Match the core biotechnological processes in List-I with their purpose or requirement in List-II:

List-I (Core Process)	List-II (Purpose/Definition)
A. Genetic Material Isolation	I. Must be in pure form, free from other macromolecules
B. Bioprocess Engineering	II. Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA)
C. Genetic Engineering	III. Maintenance of sterile ambiance
D. Downstream Processing	IV. Separation and purification processes after biosynthetic stage

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I

Correct Option: A [ A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV ]

Remark: DNA isolation requires the material to be in pure form [40, I].
Bioprocess engineering maintains sterile ambiance [7, 8, III].
Genetic engineering alters the chemistry of genetic material [7, II].
Downstream processing includes separation and purification after the biosynthetic stage [55, IV].

Match the elements of the first recombinant DNA construction (List-I) with their properties or identity (List-II):

List-I (Early Experiment Element)	List-II (Characteristic)
A. First recombinant DNA construction	I. Linked a gene encoding antibiotic resistance
B. Host for first RDNA replication	II. Salmonella typhimurium
C. Source of native plasmid for first RDNA	III. Escherichia coli
D. Characteristic of the linked gene	IV. Accomplished by Cohen and Boyer in 1972

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Correct Option: A [ A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I ]

Remark: The first recombinant DNA was constructed in 1972 [12, IV].
The RDNA was transferred into *E. coli* to replicate [14, III].
The native plasmid was isolated from *Salmonella typhimurium* [12, II].
The linked gene encoded antibiotic resistance [12, I].

Match the technique or substance (List-I) involved in the final stages of DNA isolation with its result (List-II):

List-I (Technique/Substance)	List-II (Result/Use)
A. Chilled Ethanol	I. Removal of precipitated DNA threads
B. Spooling	II. Causes purified DNA to precipitate out of suspension
C. Precipitated DNA appearance	III. Used in constructing recombinant DNA
D. Purified DNA fragments	IV. Collection of fine threads in the suspension

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Correct Option: A [ A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III ]

Remark: Chilled ethanol causes DNA precipitation [41, II].
Spooling removes the precipitated DNA threads [41, I].
Precipitated DNA appears as fine threads [41, IV].
Purified DNA fragments are used for constructing recombinant DNA [25, III].

Match the term in List-I with its scientific definition or consequence in List-II:

List-I (Term)	List-II (Definition/Example)
A. Recombinant DNA	I. Small, circular, autonomously replicating extra-chromosomal DNA
B. Plasmid	II. Combination of circular autonomously replicating DNA created in vitro
C. Cloning of gene	III. If expressed in a heterologous host, it is called this type of protein
D. Recombinant Protein	IV. Ability to multiply copies of an alien gene in a host (e.g., antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli)

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Correct Option: A [ A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III ]

Remark: Recombinant DNA is a combination of circular autonomously replicating DNA created *in vitro* [14, II].
A plasmid is autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA [12, I].
Cloning is the ability to multiply copies of an alien piece of DNA [14, IV].
A protein expressed in a heterologous host is a recombinant protein [48, III].

Match the challenge or limitation in List-I with its consequence or solution in List-II:

List-I (Challenge/Limitation)	List-II (Solution/Consequence)
A. Cloning sites complexity	I. Leads to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes
B. Traditional Hybridisation	II. Need for very few, preferably single, recognition sites in the vector
C. Multiple recognition sites in vector	III. Will generate several fragments, complicating cloning
D. Genetic Engineering Techniques	IV. Allows isolation and introduction of only one or a set of desirable genes

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Correct Option: A [ A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV ]

Remark: Cloning sites should have few/single recognition sites [29, II].
Traditional hybridization leads to undesirable gene multiplication [9, I].
Multiple recognition sites complicate cloning by generating several fragments [29, III].
Genetic engineering overcomes this limitation by introducing only desirable genes [9, IV].

Match the phrases in List-I related to the EFB definition of biotechnology with the corresponding elements in List-II:

List-I (EFB Definition Component)	List-II (Element)
A. Integration of	I. Products and services
B. Source materials	II. Natural science and organisms
C. Intermediate materials	III. Cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues
D. Output goal	IV. Both traditional view and modern molecular biotechnology

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I

Correct Option: D [ A-II, B-III, C-III, D-I ]

Remark: The integration is of natural science and organisms [6, II].
Source materials are organisms.
Intermediate materials include cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues [6, III].
The goal is for products and services [6, I]. (Note: B and C often overlap in biological context but specifically refer to "organisms" vs "cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues" in the EFB definition. Mapping B to II (organisms) and C to III (cells/molecular analogues) is accurate).

Match the genetic component in List-I with the related macromolecules found in the cell (List-II) that must be removed during DNA isolation:

List-I (Genetic Material)	List-II (Other Macromolecule Released)
A. DNA	I. Proteins and Histones
B. Genes	II. RNA
C. Intertwined with DNA (in Eukaryotes)	III. Lipids
D. Cell membranes	IV. Polysaccharides

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Correct Option: D [ A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III ]

Remark: When the cell is broken, DNA is released along with RNA, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids.
DNA must be freed from RNA [40, 41, II] and Polysaccharides [40, IV].
Genes are located on DNA intertwined with histones (proteins) [41, I].
Cell membranes are composed of lipids [40, III].

Match the antibiotic selection steps (List-I) with the result or characteristic (List-II) when foreign DNA is inserted into the *tetR* gene of pBR322:

List-I (Selection Step)	List-II (Outcome)
A. Plating on Ampicillin medium (pBR322)	I. Non-recombinants grow, recombinants die
B. Plating on Tetracycline medium (pBR322 with BamH I insertion)	II. Transformants grow, untransformed cells die
C. Non-recombinants on dual antibiotic medium	III. Used to identify the successful recombinants
D. Antibiotic inactivation process	IV. Grow on medium containing both antibiotics

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Correct Option: A [ A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III ]

Remark: Plating on ampicillin selects transformants (cells with plasmid).
Recombinant plasmids lose *tetR* (insertion at BamH I); thus, non-recombinants (intact *tetR*) grow on tetracycline, but recombinants die [30, I].
Non-recombinants grow on medium containing both antibiotics (they retain resistance to both) [30, IV].
The overall antibiotic inactivation process helps in selection of recombinants [31, III].

Match the production goal in List-I with the required system or condition in List-II, relating to Bioprocess Engineering:

List-I (Goal)	List-II (Required System/Condition)
A. Higher yields of desired protein	I. Bioprocess engineering (sterile ambiance)
B. Large scale production	II. Continuous culture system (maintaining log/exponential phase)
C. Preventing contamination	III. Development of bioreactors (100-1000 litres)
D. Even mixing and $ ext{O}_2$ availability	IV. Stirrer/Agitator system in bioreactor

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I

Correct Option: A [ A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV ]

Remark: Higher yields are achieved by maintaining cells in the log/exponential phase using continuous culture [49, II].
Large scale production requires bioreactors (100-1000 litres) [51, III].
Preventing contamination requires sterile ambiance (Bioprocess Engineering) [7, 8, I].
Even mixing and oxygen availability are facilitated by the stirrer/agitator system [49, IV].

Match the biotechnological product (List-I) with the type of cell (List-II) generally used for its manufacture or conversion in a bioreactor:

List-I (Bioreactor Product)	List-II (Source Cell Type)
A. Antibiotics	I. Microbial cells
B. Vaccines	II. Microbial, Plant, Animal or Human cells
C. Individual enzymes	III. Used for manufacture (e.g., in bioprocess engineering)
D. General raw material conversion	IV. Microbial, Plant, Animal or Human cells

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

A-I, B-I, C-I, D-II
A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
A-III, B-III, C-III, D-IV
A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Correct Option: C [ A-III, B-III, C-III, D-IV ]

Remark: Antibiotics, vaccines, and enzymes are manufactured using bioprocess engineering [8, III].
Bioreactors convert raw materials using microbial, plant, animal or human cells [51, IV].

Biotechnology : Principles and Processes: Class-XII

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