Match the core biotechnological processes in List-I with their purpose or requirement in List-II:
List-I (Core Process)
List-II (Purpose/Definition)
A. Genetic Material Isolation
I. Must be in pure form, free from other macromolecules
B. Bioprocess Engineering
II. Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA)
C. Genetic Engineering
III. Maintenance of sterile ambiance
D. Downstream Processing
IV. Separation and purification processes after biosynthetic stage
DNA isolation requires the material to be in pure form [40, I]. Bioprocess engineering maintains sterile ambiance [7, 8, III]. Genetic engineering alters the chemistry of genetic material [7, II]. Downstream processing includes separation and purification after the biosynthetic stage [55, IV].
Question 382 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the elements of the first recombinant DNA construction (List-I) with their properties or identity (List-II):
List-I (Early Experiment Element)
List-II (Characteristic)
A. First recombinant DNA construction
I. Linked a gene encoding antibiotic resistance
B. Host for first RDNA replication
II. Salmonella typhimurium
C. Source of native plasmid for first RDNA
III. Escherichia coli
D. Characteristic of the linked gene
IV. Accomplished by Cohen and Boyer in 1972
The first recombinant DNA was constructed in 1972 [12, IV]. The RDNA was transferred into *E. coli* to replicate [14, III]. The native plasmid was isolated from *Salmonella typhimurium* [12, II]. The linked gene encoded antibiotic resistance [12, I].
Question 383 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the technique or substance (List-I) involved in the final stages of DNA isolation with its result (List-II):
List-I (Technique/Substance)
List-II (Result/Use)
A. Chilled Ethanol
I. Removal of precipitated DNA threads
B. Spooling
II. Causes purified DNA to precipitate out of suspension
C. Precipitated DNA appearance
III. Used in constructing recombinant DNA
D. Purified DNA fragments
IV. Collection of fine threads in the suspension
Chilled ethanol causes DNA precipitation [41, II]. Spooling removes the precipitated DNA threads [41, I]. Precipitated DNA appears as fine threads [41, IV]. Purified DNA fragments are used for constructing recombinant DNA [25, III].
Question 384 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the term in List-I with its scientific definition or consequence in List-II:
List-I (Term)
List-II (Definition/Example)
A. Recombinant DNA
I. Small, circular, autonomously replicating extra-chromosomal DNA
B. Plasmid
II. Combination of circular autonomously replicating DNA created in vitro
C. Cloning of gene
III. If expressed in a heterologous host, it is called this type of protein
D. Recombinant Protein
IV. Ability to multiply copies of an alien gene in a host (e.g., antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli)
Recombinant DNA is a combination of circular autonomously replicating DNA created *in vitro* [14, II]. A plasmid is autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA [12, I]. Cloning is the ability to multiply copies of an alien piece of DNA [14, IV]. A protein expressed in a heterologous host is a recombinant protein [48, III].
Question 385 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the challenge or limitation in List-I with its consequence or solution in List-II:
List-I (Challenge/Limitation)
List-II (Solution/Consequence)
A. Cloning sites complexity
I. Leads to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes
B. Traditional Hybridisation
II. Need for very few, preferably single, recognition sites in the vector
C. Multiple recognition sites in vector
III. Will generate several fragments, complicating cloning
D. Genetic Engineering Techniques
IV. Allows isolation and introduction of only one or a set of desirable genes
Cloning sites should have few/single recognition sites [29, II]. Traditional hybridization leads to undesirable gene multiplication [9, I]. Multiple recognition sites complicate cloning by generating several fragments [29, III]. Genetic engineering overcomes this limitation by introducing only desirable genes [9, IV].
Question 386 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the phrases in List-I related to the EFB definition of biotechnology with the corresponding elements in List-II:
List-I (EFB Definition Component)
List-II (Element)
A. Integration of
I. Products and services
B. Source materials
II. Natural science and organisms
C. Intermediate materials
III. Cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues
D. Output goal
IV. Both traditional view and modern molecular biotechnology
The integration is of natural science and organisms [6, II]. Source materials are organisms. Intermediate materials include cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues [6, III]. The goal is for products and services [6, I]. (Note: B and C often overlap in biological context but specifically refer to "organisms" vs "cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues" in the EFB definition. Mapping B to II (organisms) and C to III (cells/molecular analogues) is accurate).
Question 387 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the genetic component in List-I with the related macromolecules found in the cell (List-II) that must be removed during DNA isolation:
List-I (Genetic Material)
List-II (Other Macromolecule Released)
A. DNA
I. Proteins and Histones
B. Genes
II. RNA
C. Intertwined with DNA (in Eukaryotes)
III. Lipids
D. Cell membranes
IV. Polysaccharides
When the cell is broken, DNA is released along with RNA, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. DNA must be freed from RNA [40, 41, II] and Polysaccharides [40, IV]. Genes are located on DNA intertwined with histones (proteins) [41, I]. Cell membranes are composed of lipids [40, III].
Question 388 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the antibiotic selection steps (List-I) with the result or characteristic (List-II) when foreign DNA is inserted into the *tetR* gene of pBR322:
List-I (Selection Step)
List-II (Outcome)
A. Plating on Ampicillin medium (pBR322)
I. Non-recombinants grow, recombinants die
B. Plating on Tetracycline medium (pBR322 with BamH I insertion)
II. Transformants grow, untransformed cells die
C. Non-recombinants on dual antibiotic medium
III. Used to identify the successful recombinants
D. Antibiotic inactivation process
IV. Grow on medium containing both antibiotics
Plating on ampicillin selects transformants (cells with plasmid). Recombinant plasmids lose *tetR* (insertion at BamH I); thus, non-recombinants (intact *tetR*) grow on tetracycline, but recombinants die [30, I]. Non-recombinants grow on medium containing both antibiotics (they retain resistance to both) [30, IV]. The overall antibiotic inactivation process helps in selection of recombinants [31, III].
Question 389 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the production goal in List-I with the required system or condition in List-II, relating to Bioprocess Engineering:
List-I (Goal)
List-II (Required System/Condition)
A. Higher yields of desired protein
I. Bioprocess engineering (sterile ambiance)
B. Large scale production
II. Continuous culture system (maintaining log/exponential phase)
C. Preventing contamination
III. Development of bioreactors (100-1000 litres)
D. Even mixing and $ ext{O}_2$ availability
IV. Stirrer/Agitator system in bioreactor
Higher yields are achieved by maintaining cells in the log/exponential phase using continuous culture [49, II]. Large scale production requires bioreactors (100-1000 litres) [51, III]. Preventing contamination requires sterile ambiance (Bioprocess Engineering) [7, 8, I]. Even mixing and oxygen availability are facilitated by the stirrer/agitator system [49, IV].
Question 390 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the biotechnological product (List-I) with the type of cell (List-II) generally used for its manufacture or conversion in a bioreactor:
List-I (Bioreactor Product)
List-II (Source Cell Type)
A. Antibiotics
I. Microbial cells
B. Vaccines
II. Microbial, Plant, Animal or Human cells
C. Individual enzymes
III. Used for manufacture (e.g., in bioprocess engineering)
D. General raw material conversion
IV. Microbial, Plant, Animal or Human cells
Antibiotics, vaccines, and enzymes are manufactured using bioprocess engineering [8, III]. Bioreactors convert raw materials using microbial, plant, animal or human cells [51, IV].
