Match the vector type or component (List-I) with its corresponding target or application (List-II):
List-I (Vector Type)
List-II (Target/Application)
A. Plasmid
I. Used in gene gun (biolistics)
B. Gold/Tungsten particles
II. Bacterial cloning vector, circular extra-chromosomal DNA
C. Ti plasmid (modified)
III. Deliver genes of interest into a variety of plants
D. Bacteriophage
IV. High copy number vector within bacterial cells
Plasmids are bacterial extra-chromosomal DNA vectors [12, II]. Gold/Tungsten particles coated with DNA are used in biolistics [38, I]. Modified Ti plasmid is used to deliver genes into plants [35, III]. Bacteriophages naturally have very high copy numbers, making them good vectors [25, IV].
Question 402 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the activity (List-I) with the associated term or agent (List-II):
List-I (Activity)
List-II (Associated Term)
A. Making multiple identical copies of template DNA
I. Recombinant DNA
B. Linking antibiotic resistance gene with plasmid vector
II. Cloning
C. New combination of circular autonomously replicating DNA created in vitro
III. DNA ligase
D. Enzyme responsible for joining cut DNA ends
IV. Recombinant DNA (Created in vitro)
Making multiple copies is cloning [11, II]. Linking is possible with DNA ligase [13, III]. The new combination is recombinant DNA created in vitro [14, IV]. DNA ligase joins cut DNA ends [14, III]. (Note: III is repeated as it applies to B and D.)
Question 403 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the optimal growth condition provided by a bioreactor (List-I) with the corresponding control system (List-II):
List-I (Optimal Condition)
List-II (Bioreactor System)
A. Mixing
I. Oxygen delivery system or air sparging
B. Oxygen Availability
II. Temperature control system
C. Temperature
III. pH control system
D. Acidity/Alkalinity
IV. Agitator system (stirrer)
Mixing is facilitated by the agitator/stirrer [49, IV]. Oxygen availability is handled by the oxygen delivery system [50, I]. Temperature is maintained by the temperature control system [50, II]. pH (acidity/alkalinity) is maintained by the pH control system [50, III].
Question 404 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the historical figures or discovery in List-I with the related work or characteristic in List-II:
List-I (Scientist)
List-II (Discovery/Work)
A. Herbert Boyer
I. Developed a method of removing and reinserting plasmids in cells
B. Stanley Cohen
II. Post-graduate studies at Yale for three years
C. Hind II
III. First sequence-specific restriction endonuclease characterized
D. Rene Descartes
IV. Influenced understanding of natural phenomena to become anthropocentric
Herbert Boyer completed post-graduate studies at Yale for three years [3, II]. Stanley Cohen developed the method for plasmid removal and reinsertion [4, I]. Hind II was the first sequence-specific restriction endonuclease characterized [16, III]. Rene Descartes influenced the anthropocentric approach [1, IV].
Question 405 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the process related to gene expression and cloning (List-I) with its corresponding result or mechanism (List-II):
List-I (Process/Goal)
List-II (Result/Mechanism)
A. Expression of foreign genes
I. Host cells become transformed into ampicillin-resistant cells
B. Transfer of RDNA (bearing ampR gene) into E. coli
II. Untransformed recipient cells will die
C. Spreading transformed cells on ampicillin plates
III. Occurs under appropriate conditions in the host cell
D. Small scale laboratory culture
IV. Used for extracting desired protein and purifying it by different separation techniques
Foreign gene expression occurs under appropriate conditions [47, III]. Transfer of RDNA with *ampR* makes host cells ampicillin-resistant [45, I]. Plating on ampicillin means untransformed cells die [46, II]. Small scale culture is used for initial extraction and purification [48, IV].
Question 406 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the types of palindromes or DNA sequence elements in List-I with their examples or definitions in List-II:
List-I (Feature)
List-II (Example)
A. Word Palindrome
I. 3'—CTTAAG—5'
B. DNA sequence of top strand (5' → 3')
II. "MALAYALAM"
C. DNA sequence of bottom strand (3' → 5')
III. 5'—GAATTC—3'
D. Restriction Enzyme Cut Site
IV. Specific palindromic nucleotide sequence
A word palindrome is like "MALAYALAM" [19, II]. The example sequence for the top strand (5'→3') is GAATTC [20, III]. The example sequence for the bottom strand (3'→5') is CTTAAG [20, I]. Restriction enzymes recognize specific palindromic nucleotide sequences [19, IV].
Question 407 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the restriction enzyme action in List-I with the molecular result or site in List-II:
List-I (Enzyme Action)
List-II (Result/Site)
A. Palindromic Sequence
I. DNA fragments with single stranded portions
B. Cutting away from the center of palindrome
II. Recognition sequence for Restriction Endonuclease
C. Breakage point of DNA strand
III. Sugar-phosphate backbones
D. Sticky ends
IV. Facilitates joining by DNA ligase
Palindromic sequences are the recognition sites for REs [19, II]. Cutting away from the center of the palindrome leaves sticky ends (single stranded portions) [21, I]. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA strands at specific points in their sugar-phosphate backbones [19, III]. Sticky ends facilitate the action of DNA ligase [21, IV].
Question 408 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the cell/plasmid status in List-I with the corresponding selection result (using Amp/Tet resistance markers, where insertion occurred at *tetR*):
List-I (Plasmid/Cell Type)
List-II (Selection Status)
A. E. coli cells lacking pBR322
I. Grow on both Ampicillin and Tetracycline (Non-recombinant)
B. E. coli with Recombinant pBR322 (Insert at tetR)
II. Die on Ampicillin or Tetracycline media (Untransformed)
C. E. coli with Non-recombinant pBR322
III. Grow on Ampicillin but die on Tetracycline (Recombinant)
D. Genes encoding resistance to antibiotics
IV. Considered useful selectable markers for E. coli
Untransformed cells (lacking plasmid) die on antibiotic media [28, II]. Recombinants are resistant to Amp (via *ampR*) but sensitive to Tet (via *tetR* inactivation) [30, III]. Non-recombinants are resistant to both Amp and Tet [30, I]. Antibiotic resistance genes are useful selectable markers [28, IV].
Question 409 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the component of RDNA creation (List-I) with its role in the assembly process (List-II):
List-I (Component)
List-II (Role)
A. Source DNA
I. Circular autonomously replicating DNA
B. Plasmid Vector
II. New combination of DNA created in vitro
C. Recombinant DNA Molecule
III. Provides the cut out gene of interest
D. Same Restriction Enzyme
IV. Ensures both vector and source DNA have compatible sticky ends
Source DNA provides the gene of interest [43, III]. A plasmid vector is autonomously replicating circular DNA [12, I]. RDNA is the new combination created *in vitro* [14, II]. Using the same RE ensures the fragments have identical sticky ends and can be joined [22, IV].
Question 410 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the vector type or element in List-I with its associated copy number or control characteristic in List-II:
List-I (Vector Type/Element)
List-II (Copy Number/Feature)
A. Origin of Replication (ori)
I. Very high copy numbers per cell
B. Bacteriophage
II. Can be only one or two copies per cell
C. Some plasmids
III. Responsible for controlling the copy number of linked DNA
D. High Copy Number Vector
IV. Used when many copies of target DNA are required
The *ori* sequence controls the copy number of the linked DNA [27, III]. Bacteriophages naturally have very high copy numbers [25, I]. Some plasmids have low copy numbers (one or two) [25, II]. High copy number vectors are chosen when many copies of the target DNA are desired [27, IV].
