Match the molecular component in List-I with its analogy or functional characteristic in List-II:
List-I (Molecular Component)
List-II (Analogy/Function)
A. Restriction Endonucleases
I. Insect vector for malarial parasite
B. Plasmid DNA
II. Molecular Scissors
C. Mosquito
III. Vector to transfer piece of DNA attached to it
D. Sticky Ends
IV. Facilitates the action of DNA ligase
Restriction enzymes are known as ‘molecular scissors’ [13, II]. Plasmid DNA acts as a vector [13, III]. Mosquito is an insect vector for malarial parasite [13, I]. Sticky ends facilitate the action of DNA ligase [21, IV].
Question 392 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the concept regarding DNA replication and inheritance (List-I) with the essential property or mechanism (List-II):
List-I (Concept)
List-II (Related Sequence/Property)
A. Multiplication of alien DNA
I. Linking alien DNA with ori
B. Cloning
II. Making multiple identical copies of any template DNA
C. Inheritance of alien DNA
III. Ability of the chromosome to replicate
D. Initiation of replication
IV. Origin of replication (ori)
Alien DNA multiplication requires linking with *ori* [11, I]. Cloning is making multiple identical copies [11, II]. Inheritance occurs when alien DNA is part of a replicating chromosome [10, III]. *Ori* is the specific sequence responsible for initiating replication [11, IV].
Question 393 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the culture system in List-I with its description or role in List-II:
List-I (Culture System)
List-II (Characteristic)
A. Small volume cultures
I. Maintaining cells in their physiologically most active log/exponential phase
B. Large scale production
II. Cannot yield appreciable quantities of products
C. Continuous Culture System
III. Requires development of bioreactors
D. Stirred-tank bioreactor
IV. Most commonly used bioreactor type
Small cultures cannot yield appreciable quantities [50, II]. Large scale production requires bioreactors [51, III]. Continuous culture maintains cells in the log/exponential phase [49, I]. Stirring type bioreactors are the most commonly used [52, IV].
Question 394 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the discipline or historical figure in List-I with its associated concept or age in List-II:
List-I (Discipline)
List-II (Associated Field/Age)
A. Physics and Chemistry
I. Twentieth century off-shoot of modern biology
B. Biotechnology
II. Gave rise to engineering, technologies and industries for human welfare
C. Anthropocentric Approach
III. French philosopher of seventeenth century
D. Rene Descartes
IV. Understanding natural phenomena directed towards human comforts
Physics and chemistry led to industries working for human welfare [1, II]. Biotechnology is a twentieth-century off-shoot of modern biology [2, I]. Anthropocentric approach focuses understanding natural phenomena on human comforts [1, IV]. Rene Descartes was a French philosopher of the seventeenth century [1, III].
Question 395 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the action or condition in List-I with its consequence or result in List-II:
List-I (Cut Type)
List-II (Resulting Feature)
A. Cutting DNA away from center of palindrome
I. Enables the bacteria to take up the recombinant DNA
B. Cutting at specific points
II. Leaves single stranded portions at the ends (sticky ends)
C. Heat shock (42°C) application
III. Occurs in the sugar-phosphate backbone
D. Hydrogen bonding between sticky ends
IV. Facilitates the action of DNA ligase
Cutting away from the center of the palindrome leaves sticky ends [20, 21, II]. Restriction enzymes cut the sugar-phosphate backbones [19, III]. Heat shock enables bacteria to take up RDNA [37, I]. Hydrogen bonding of sticky ends facilitates ligation by DNA ligase [21, IV].
Question 396 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the steps in product preparation (List-I) with their defining purpose (List-II) after the biosynthetic stage:
List-I (Post-Biosynthetic Step)
List-II (Purpose/Requirement)
A. Downstream Processing
I. For formulations intended as drugs
B. Formulation
II. Collective term for separation and purification processes
C. Clinical Trials
III. Required for marketing as a finished product
D. Quality Control Testing
IV. Strict testing required for each product; varies from product to product
Downstream processing is the collective term for separation and purification [55, II]. Formulation is necessary before marketing the finished product [55, III]. Clinical trials are required for drug formulations [55, I]. Quality Control Testing involves strict, product-specific testing [55, IV].
Question 397 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the product type in List-I (traditional) with the modern biotechnological products mentioned in the source (List-II):
List-I (Traditional Product)
List-II (Modern Product)
A. Curd
I. Antibiotics
B. Bread
II. Vaccines
C. Wine
III. Enzymes
D. Microbial activity (General)
IV. Recombinant proteins
Curd, bread, and wine are listed as microbe-mediated processes. Modern products listed include antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, and the ultimate aim is recombinant proteins. Since all are modern products, we group them accordingly. A, B, C map to I, II, III (examples of specific products mentioned), while D maps to IV (the general goal/output).
Question 398 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the enzyme action in List-I with the molecular consequence in List-II:
List-I (Enzyme action on DNA)
List-II (Molecular consequence)
A. Restriction Endonuclease
I. Addition of methyl groups to DNA
B. DNA Ligase
II. Cuts the two strands of the double helix at specific points in their sugar-phosphate backbones
C. Enzyme isolated in 1963 (methylating)
III. Joins the ends of cut DNA molecules
D. Exonuclease
IV. Removes nucleotides from the ends of the DNA
Restriction endonuclease cuts the sugar-phosphate backbone [19, II]. DNA ligase joins the ends of cut DNA molecules [14, III]. One enzyme isolated in 1963 added methyl groups to DNA [16, I]. Exonuclease removes nucleotides from the ends of the DNA [18, IV].
Question 399 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the feature of gel electrophoresis (List-I) with the DNA behavior or application (List-II):
List-I (Feature)
List-II (DNA Behavior)
A. DNA molecular size
I. Moves toward the positive electrode (anode)
B. Negative charge of DNA
II. Smaller fragments move farther
C. Sieving effect of the gel
III. Method used to check progression of restriction enzyme digestion
D. Agarose gel electrophoresis
IV. Fragments separate (resolve) according to this
DNA fragments resolve according to size [23, IV]. Negative charge causes movement toward the anode [23, I]. The sieving effect makes smaller fragments move farther [23, II]. Electrophoresis checks the progression of digestion [42, III].
Question 400 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the key processes in Recombinant DNA Technology (List-I) with their primary description (List-II):
List-I (Process)
List-II (Step)
A. Isolation
I. Transferring RDNA into host cells
B. Ligation
II. Cutting of DNA by restriction endonucleases
C. Fragmentation
III. Joining the gene of interest with the vector
D. Transformation
IV. Obtaining the genetic material (DNA) in pure form
Isolation is obtaining genetic material in pure form [39, 40, IV]. Ligation is joining the DNA fragment into a vector [39, 43, III]. Fragmentation is cutting DNA by restriction endonucleases [39, II]. Transformation is transferring RDNA into host cells [39, I].
