Match the element related to DNA separation/visualization (List-I) with its corresponding feature (List-II):
List-I (Technique/Compound)
List-II (Feature/Outcome)
A. Agarose
I. Charge carried by DNA fragments
B. Ethidium Bromide
II. Natural polymer extracted from sea weeds, used as matrix
C. Negative
III. Staining compound that allows visualization under UV radiation
D. UV Radiation Exposure
IV. Leads to bright orange coloured DNA bands
Agarose is a natural polymer from sea weeds used as matrix. Ethidium bromide is used for staining DNA. DNA fragments are negatively charged molecules. UV radiation exposure makes the stained DNA bands appear bright orange.
Question 362 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the activity/goal in List-I with the corresponding process type in List-II:
List-I (Goal/Application)
List-II (Process Type)
A. Synthesising a gene and using it
I. Overcoming the limitation of traditional hybridization
B. Use of genetically modified organisms (restricted sense)
II. Part of biotechnology/genetic engineering
C. Introduction of only desired genes
III. Ultimate aim of almost all recombinant technologies
D. Producing a desirable protein
IV. Modern biotechnology
Synthesising a gene is part of biotechnology. Modern biotechnology uses genetically modified organisms. Genetic engineering allows introduction of only desirable genes, overcoming traditional hybridization limitations. The ultimate aim of recombinant technologies is to produce a desirable protein.
Question 363 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the Bioreactor specifications in List-I with their description in List-II:
List-I (Bioreactor Type/Feature)
List-II (Description/Range)
A. Volume capacity
I. Cylindrical or with a curved base
B. Stirred-tank reactor shape
II. Most commonly used bioreactors
C. Stirring type bioreactors
III. Provides optimum growth conditions (Temp, pH, substrate, $ ext{O}_2$)
D. Bioreactor goal
IV. 100-1000 litres of culture
Bioreactors process large volumes (100-1000 litres). A stirred-tank reactor is usually cylindrical or with a curved base. Stirring type bioreactors are the most commonly used. Bioreactors provide optimal conditions for achieving the desired product.
Question 364 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the basic steps in genetically modifying an organism (List-I) with their corresponding process (List-II):
List-I (Step Order)
List-II (Basic Step)
A. First step
I. Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer to progeny
B. Second step
II. Introduction of the identified DNA into the host
C. Third step
III. Culturing host cells at large scale and product extraction
D. Subsequent step after host introduction
IV. Identification of DNA with desirable genes
The three basic steps are: (i) identification of desired DNA [15, IV]; (ii) introduction into the host [15, II]; and (iii) maintenance and transfer to progeny [15, I]. Culturing host cells at large scale is a subsequent process step [39, III].
Question 365 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the components of the restriction enzyme naming convention (List-I) with their origin (List-II), using EcoRI as an example:
List-I (Name Component)
List-II (Origin)
A. First Letter (E in EcoRI)
I. Species of the prokaryotic cell
B. Next Two Letters (co in EcoRI)
II. Genus of the prokaryotic cell
C. Letter R (in EcoRI)
III. Order in which the enzymes were isolated from that strain
D. Roman Numbers (I in EcoRI)
IV. Name of the bacterial strain (e.g., RY 13)
First letter is from the genus (E from Escherichia). Next two letters are from the species (co from coli). The letter R is derived from the strain name (RY 13). Roman numbers indicate the order of isolation.
Question 366 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the types of selectable markers in List-I with their corresponding function or example in List-II:
List-I (Marker Type)
List-II (Function/Example)
A. Selectable Marker
I. $eta$-galactosidase gene
B. Chromogenic Substrate Marker
II. Helps identify and eliminate non-transformants
C. Example of Antibiotic Resistance Marker
III. Allows differentiation based on ability to produce color
D. Target gene for Insertional Inactivation (Color)
IV. Ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, or kanamycin resistance genes
Selectable markers identify and eliminate non-transformants. Chromogenic substrate markers differentiate based on color production. Antibiotic resistance genes (ampicillin, tetracycline, etc.) are common markers for *E. coli*. The $eta$-galactosidase gene is the target for color-based insertional inactivation.
Question 367 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the biotechnological activities in List-I with their classification or impact in List-II:
List-I (Technique/Product)
List-II (Classification)
A. Making curd/bread/wine
I. Modern biotechnology
B. Developing a DNA vaccine
II. Traditional biotechnology (microbe-mediated)
C. Using genetically modified organisms (restricted sense)
III. Qualitative improvement in health and food production
D. Overall impact of modern biotechnology
IV. Part of biotechnology/genetic engineering
Making curd/bread/wine is a microbe-mediated process, considered traditional biotechnology. Developing a DNA vaccine is included in biotechnology [6, IV]. The restricted sense of biotechnology refers to using genetically modified organisms [5, I]. Modern biotechnology led to qualitative improvement in health and food production.
Question 368 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the reproduction/breeding technique in List-I with its key characteristic or outcome in List-II:
List-I (Reproduction Type)
List-II (Key Outcome)
A. Sexual Reproduction
I. Preserves the genetic information
B. Asexual Reproduction
II. Provides opportunities for variations and formulation of unique combinations
C. Traditional Hybridisation
III. Overcome the limitation of including undesirable genes
D. Genetic Engineering
IV. Often leads to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes
Sexual reproduction provides opportunities for variations. Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic information. Traditional hybridization often leads to inclusion of undesirable genes. Genetic engineering overcomes the limitation of including undesirable genes.
Question 369 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the method for introducing alien DNA (List-I) with its specific target organism (List-II):
List-I (Method/Element)
List-II (Target Organism)
A. Micro-injection
I. Plants
B. Biolistics (Gene Gun)
II. Bacteria (for transformation)
C. $ ext{Ca}^{2+}$ (Divalent Cation) Treatment
III. Animal cells (nucleus)
D. Retroviruses (Disarmed)
IV. Animal cells (general)
Micro-injection injects DNA directly into the nucleus of an animal cell. Biolistics is suitable for plants. Divalent cation treatment makes bacterial cells competent for transformation. Disarmed retroviruses are used to deliver genes into animal cells.
Question 370 of 535
📘 CLASS XII
Match the requirement (List-I) with the corresponding step in Downstream Processing (List-II):
List-I (Requirement)
List-II (Associated Step)
A. Formulation with suitable preservatives
I. Downstream Processing
B. Separation and purification
II. Clinical Trials
C. Thorough testing (as in case of drugs)
III. Formulation
D. Strict testing for each product
IV. Quality Control Testing
Formulation involves adding preservatives [55, III]. Separation and purification are collectively called Downstream Processing [55, I]. Clinical trials are required for drugs [55, II]. Strict testing is referred to as Quality Control Testing [55, IV].
