Match the element related to DNA separation/visualization (List-I) with its corresponding feature (List-II):

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
• A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
• A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
• A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV ]

Remark: Agarose is a natural polymer from sea weeds used as matrix.
Ethidium bromide is used for staining DNA.
DNA fragments are negatively charged molecules.
UV radiation exposure makes the stained DNA bands appear bright orange.

Match the activity/goal in List-I with the corresponding process type in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III ]

Remark: Synthesising a gene is part of biotechnology.
Modern biotechnology uses genetically modified organisms.
Genetic engineering allows introduction of only desirable genes, overcoming traditional hybridization limitations.
The ultimate aim of recombinant technologies is to produce a desirable protein.

Match the Bioreactor specifications in List-I with their description in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
• A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
• A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
• A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III ]

Remark: Bioreactors process large volumes (100-1000 litres).
A stirred-tank reactor is usually cylindrical or with a curved base.
Stirring type bioreactors are the most commonly used.
Bioreactors provide optimal conditions for achieving the desired product.

Match the basic steps in genetically modifying an organism (List-I) with their corresponding process (List-II):

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
• A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
• A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
• A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
Correct Option: A  [ A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III ]

Remark: The three basic steps are: (i) identification of desired DNA [15, IV]; (ii) introduction into the host [15, II]; and (iii) maintenance and transfer to progeny [15, I]. Culturing host cells at large scale is a subsequent process step [39, III].

Match the components of the restriction enzyme naming convention (List-I) with their origin (List-II), using EcoRI as an example:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
• A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
• A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III ]

Remark: First letter is from the genus (E from Escherichia).
Next two letters are from the species (co from coli).
The letter R is derived from the strain name (RY 13).
Roman numbers indicate the order of isolation.

Match the types of selectable markers in List-I with their corresponding function or example in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
• A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
• A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
• A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I ]

Remark: Selectable markers identify and eliminate non-transformants.
Chromogenic substrate markers differentiate based on color production.
Antibiotic resistance genes (ampicillin, tetracycline, etc.) are common markers for *E. coli*.
The $eta$-galactosidase gene is the target for color-based insertional inactivation.

Match the biotechnological activities in List-I with their classification or impact in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
• A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
• A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
• A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III ]

Remark: Making curd/bread/wine is a microbe-mediated process, considered traditional biotechnology.
Developing a DNA vaccine is included in biotechnology [6, IV].
The restricted sense of biotechnology refers to using genetically modified organisms [5, I].
Modern biotechnology led to qualitative improvement in health and food production.

Match the reproduction/breeding technique in List-I with its key characteristic or outcome in List-II:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
• A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
• A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
• A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
Correct Option: A  [ A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III ]

Remark: Sexual reproduction provides opportunities for variations.
Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic information.
Traditional hybridization often leads to inclusion of undesirable genes.
Genetic engineering overcomes the limitation of including undesirable genes.

Match the method for introducing alien DNA (List-I) with its specific target organism (List-II):

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
• A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
• A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
• A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
Correct Option: A  [ A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV ]

Remark: Micro-injection injects DNA directly into the nucleus of an animal cell.
Biolistics is suitable for plants.
Divalent cation treatment makes bacterial cells competent for transformation.
Disarmed retroviruses are used to deliver genes into animal cells.

Match the requirement (List-I) with the corresponding step in Downstream Processing (List-II):

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
• A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
• A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
• A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
Correct Option: A  [ A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV ]

Remark: Formulation involves adding preservatives [55, III].
Separation and purification are collectively called Downstream Processing [55, I].
Clinical trials are required for drugs [55, II].
Strict testing is referred to as Quality Control Testing [55, IV].