The approach to understanding natural phenomena, especially natural sciences, became _________ ever since the days of Rene Descartes.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• physiocentric
• anthropocentric
• ecocentric
• biocentric
Correct Option: B  [ anthropocentric ]

Remark: Rene Descartes’ influence led to the whole approach to understanding natural phenomena becoming anthropocentric.

Herbert Boyer completed his graduate work in 1963 at the University of _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Stanford
• Yale
• California at San Francisco
• Pittsburgh
Correct Option: D  [ Pittsburgh ]

Remark: Herbert Boyer completed graduate work at the University of Pittsburgh, in 1963.

In 1966, Boyer took over an assistant professorship at the University of California at _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Berkeley
• Los Angeles
• San Francisco
• San Diego
Correct Option: C  [ San Francisco ]

Remark: Boyer took over the assistant professorship at the University of California at San Francisco in 1966.

In 1969, Herbert Boyer performed studies on a couple of restriction enzymes of the _________ bacterium.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Salmonella typhimurium
• E. coli
• Agrobacterium tumifaciens
• Thermus aquaticus
Correct Option: B  [ E. coli ]

Remark: Boyer performed studies on restriction enzymes of the E. coli bacterium.

Boyer observed that restriction enzymes cut DNA strands in a particular fashion, leaving what has become known as _________ on the strands.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• blunt ends
• sticky ends
• random cuts
• phosphate links
Correct Option: B  [ sticky ends ]

Remark: The enzymes left ‘sticky ends’ on the DNA strands, which made pasting pieces of DNA a precise exercise.

Stanley Cohen had been studying small ringlets of DNA called _________, which float freely in the cytoplasm of certain bacterial cells.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• nucleoids
• chromosomes
• plasmids
• ribosomes
Correct Option: C  [ plasmids ]

Remark: Cohen was studying small ringlets of DNA called plasmids that replicate independently from the coding strand of DNA.

The breakthrough achieved by Boyer and Cohen involved inserting recombined segments of DNA into bacterial cells, which could then act as manufacturing plants for specific _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• lipids
• carbohydrates
• proteins
• nucleic acids
Correct Option: C  [ proteins ]

Remark: The bacterial cells, with recombined DNA, could act as manufacturing plants for specific proteins.

Traditionally, making curd, bread, or wine could be thought of as a form of biotechnology because they are _________-mediated processes.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• chemical
• fermentation
• microbe
• enzymatic
Correct Option: C  [ microbe ]

Remark: Curd, bread, or wine making are all microbe-mediated processes, considered traditional biotechnology.

Modern biotechnology is used in a restricted sense today to refer to processes which use _________ to achieve desired outcomes on a larger scale.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• isolated enzymes
• genetically modified organisms
• large bioreactors
• natural polymers
Correct Option: B  [ genetically modified organisms ]

Remark: Modern biotechnology primarily refers to processes using genetically modified organisms.

The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) defines biotechnology as the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• welfare
• services
• food
• health
Correct Option: B  [ services ]

Remark: The EFB definition states the integration is for 'products and services'.