The third critical research area of biotechnology involves ________ processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• Upstream
• Downstream
• Quality assurance
• Fermentation
Correct Option: B  [ Downstream ]

Remark: Downstream processing technologies are the third critical research area used to purify the desired compounds.

One of the three options for increasing food production listed is genetically engineered ________-based agriculture.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• fruit
• vegetable
• crop
• chemical
Correct Option: C  [ crop ]

Remark: The options for increasing food production are agro-chemical based, organic, and genetically engineered crop-based agriculture.

Increased yields during the Green Revolution were mainly due to use of better management practices and use of ________ (fertilisers and pesticides).

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• irrigation systems
• agrochemicals
• organic compost
• GM seeds
Correct Option: B  [ agrochemicals ]

Remark: Increased yields during the Green Revolution were mainly due to the use of better management practices and use of agrochemicals (fertilisers and pesticides).

The capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant is called ________.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• micro-propagation
• somatic hybridisation
• somaclonal variation
• totipotency
Correct Option: D  [ totipotency ]

Remark: Totipotency is the capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant.

Any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube under sterile conditions is referred to as an ________.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• protoplast
• meristem
• explant
• somaclone
Correct Option: C  [ explant ]

Remark: An explant is any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube under sterile conditions.

The nutrient medium used for explant propagation must provide a carbon source such as ________.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• glucose
• fructose
• sucrose
• starch
Correct Option: C  [ sucrose ]

Remark: The nutrient medium must provide a carbon source such as sucrose.

The method of producing thousands of genetically identical plants through tissue culture in very short durations is called ________.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• macro-propagation
• micro-propagation
• somatic fusion
• genetic cloning
Correct Option: B  [ micro-propagation ]

Remark: This method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called micro-propagation.

Plants produced through micro-propagation are genetically identical to the original plant and are called ________.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• somatic hybrids
• hybrids
• somaclones
• transgenic
Correct Option: C  [ somaclones ]

Remark: Each plant produced via micro-propagation is genetically identical to the original plant, hence they are called somaclones.

The meristem (apical and axillary) is typically free of the virus, allowing it to be cultured in vitro to obtain ________ plants.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• mutated
• virus-free
• transgenic
• hybrid
Correct Option: B  [ virus-free ]

Remark: The meristem (apical and axillary) is free of virus, allowing its removal and culture in vitro to obtain virus-free plants.

Isolated single cells from plants, after digesting their cell walls, are called naked ________ (surrounded only by plasma membranes).

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• explants
• somaclones
• protoplasts
• meristems
Correct Option: C  [ protoplasts ]

Remark: Naked protoplasts are isolated cells obtained after digesting the cell walls.