During downstream processing, the product has to be formulated with suitable:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Enzymes
• Preservatives
• Catalysts
• Buffers
Correct Option: B  [ Preservatives ]

Remark: The product has to be formulated with suitable preservatives.

Formulations intended as drugs must undergo thorough _________ as part of downstream processing.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Patent analysis
• Quality control testing
• Clinical trials
• Bioassays
Correct Option: C  [ Clinical trials ]

Remark: Such formulation has to undergo thorough clinical trials as in case of drugs.

Besides clinical trials, strict _________ testing for each product is required after downstream processing.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Quality control
• Bioassay
• Concentration
• Thermal stability
Correct Option: A  [ Quality control ]

Remark: Strict quality control testing for each product is also required after downstream processing.

The general approach to understanding natural phenomena became anthropocentric, meaning natural sciences were directed towards developing technologies for human comfort and:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Profit
• Survival
• Welfare
• Control
Correct Option: C  [ Welfare ]

Remark: Physics and chemistry gave rise to technologies which all worked for human comfort and welfare.

The major utility of the biological world, historically recognized in human knowledge, is as a source of:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Fuel
• Shelter
• Food
• Energy
Correct Option: C  [ Food ]

Remark: The major utility of the biological world is as a source of food.

Biotechnology improved daily life primarily through qualitative improvement in health and _________ production.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Shelter
• Food
• Energy
• Medicine
Correct Option: B  [ Food ]

Remark: Biotechnology brought qualitative improvement in health and food production.

Genetic engineering techniques encompass creation of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning, and gene:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Mapping
• Sequencing
• Transfer
• Hybridization
Correct Option: C  [ Transfer ]

Remark: Genetic engineering techniques include creation of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning and gene transfer.

An alien piece of DNA transferred into an alien organism will not multiply unless it gets integrated into the recipient's:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Genome
• Cell wall
Correct Option: C  [ Genome ]

Remark: When alien DNA gets integrated into the genome of the recipient, it may multiply and be inherited.

The ability to multiply copies of the antibiotic resistance gene after transfer into *E. coli* was specifically termed:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Inactivation of resistance
• Cloning of antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli
• Elution of the plasmid
• Transformation efficiency
Correct Option: B  [ Cloning of antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli ]

Remark: The ability to multiply copies of antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli was called cloning of antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli.

The separation and isolation of DNA fragments is a step in recombinant DNA technology performed immediately after fragmentation by:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• DNA ligase
• Polymerase enzymes
• Restriction endonucleases
• Exonucleases
Correct Option: C  [ Restriction endonucleases ]

Remark: The cutting of DNA by restriction endonucleases results in the fragments of DNA, which are then separated and isolated.