One method of introducing alien DNA into host cells uses ‘disarmed _________’ vectors, which when allowed to infect the cell, transfer the recombinant DNA.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• fungi
• protozoa
• pathogen
• bacterial
Correct Option: C  [ pathogen ]

Remark: The last method discussed uses ‘disarmed pathogen’ vectors.

Nucleic acid is the genetic material of all organisms without exception; in the majority of organisms, this is _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• RNA
• DNA
• protein
• lipid
Correct Option: B  [ DNA ]

Remark: In the majority of organisms, the genetic material is deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.

The two core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology are Genetic Engineering and _________ Engineering.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Chemical
• Cellular
• Bioprocess
• Molecular
Correct Option: C  [ Bioprocess ]

Remark: The two core techniques are Genetic engineering and Bioprocess engineering.

Asexual reproduction primarily _________ the genetic information.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• varies
• modifies
• preserves
• eliminates
Correct Option: C  [ preserves ]

Remark: Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic information.

One step in recombinant DNA technology is transferring the recombinant DNA into the host, followed by culturing the host cells in a medium at _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• small scale
• laboratory scale
• large scale
• optimum pH
Correct Option: C  [ large scale ]

Remark: This step involves culturing the host cells in a medium at large scale.

One of the three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism is the introduction of the identified DNA into the _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• vector
• genome
• host
• progeny
Correct Option: C  [ host ]

Remark: The second basic step is the introduction of the identified DNA into the host.

Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the palindrome sequence: 5'——G A A T T C——3' and 3'——C T T A A G——5'. It cuts between G and A on both strands, leaving sticky ends with the sequence _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• AATTC
• CTTAA
• GAATT
• TTAAG
Correct Option: A  [ AATTC ]

Remark: The cut is between G and A, leaving 5'-AATTC-3' overhang.

When transferred into *Escherichia coli*, recombinant DNA uses the new host’s DNA polymerase enzyme to replicate and make multiple copies. This ability was called _________ of the antibiotic resistance gene in *E. coli*.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• inactivation
• cloning
• elution
• transformation
Correct Option: B  [ cloning ]

Remark: The ability to multiply copies was called cloning of the antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli.

The restriction site present in the ampicillin resistance gene of pBR322 is not explicitly mentioned but typically used sites like Pst I or Pvu II are present. If we choose Pst I from the diagram, where does the insertion happen in the ampicillin gene?

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Pst I
• BamH I
• Sal I
• EcoR I
Correct Option: A  [ Pst I ]

Remark: Based on the figure provided (Figure 9.4), Pst I is shown within the ampR gene.

The final step in recombinant DNA technology is the extraction of the desired product and subsequent _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• fragmentation
• ligation
• purification
• transformation
Correct Option: C  [ purification ]

Remark: The process includes extraction of the desired product (functional protein) and purification.