Maintenance of sterile (microbial contamination-free) ambience in chemical engineering processes is crucial for manufacturing biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, and _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• lipids
• nucleotides
• enzymes
• carbohydrates
Correct Option: C  [ enzymes ]

Remark: Bioprocess engineering is used for manufacturing products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, etc..

The core concept of genetic engineering involves the creation of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning, and gene transfer, which overcome the limitation of including _________ genes from traditional hybridization.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• desired
• recessive
• undesirable
• dominant
Correct Option: C  [ undesirable ]

Remark: Genetic engineering overcomes the limitation of including undesirable genes.

If an alien piece of DNA gets integrated into the genome of the recipient organism, it may multiply and be inherited along with the host DNA because it has become part of a _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• cytoskeleton
• plasmid
• chromosome
• ribosome
Correct Option: C  [ chromosome ]

Remark: The alien piece of DNA multiplies because it has become part of a chromosome, which can replicate.

The first instance of artificial recombinant DNA construction involved linking a gene encoding _________ resistance.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• heat
• pesticide
• viral
• antibiotic
Correct Option: D  [ antibiotic ]

Remark: The construction involved linking a gene encoding antibiotic resistance.

The vector transfers the alien piece of DNA into the host organism, similar to how a mosquito acts as an insect vector to transfer the _________ parasite into the human body.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• bacterial
• malarial
• viral
• fungal
Correct Option: B  [ malarial ]

Remark: A mosquito acts as an insect vector to transfer the malarial parasite.

Recombinant DNA technology can be accomplished only if we have key tools, including restriction enzymes, polymerase enzymes, ligases, and _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• antibodies
• chromogenic substrates
• vectors
• cell walls
Correct Option: C  [ vectors ]

Remark: Vectors are listed as one of the key tools.

Restriction endonucleases inspect the length of a DNA sequence to find their specific _________ sequence.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• transcription
• replication
• recognition
• translation
Correct Option: C  [ recognition ]

Remark: The enzyme inspects the length of a DNA sequence to find its specific recognition sequence.

The palindromic sequence example given in the source (5'——GAATTC——3' / 3'——CTTAAG——5') reads the same on the two strands when reading orientation is kept the same, such as in the _________ direction.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• reverse
• 5' $\rightarrow$ 3'
• perpendicular
• complementary
Correct Option: B  [ 5' $\rightarrow$ 3' ]

Remark: The sequence reads the same on both strands in the 5' $\rightarrow$ 3' direction.

When visualizing DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis, pure DNA fragments cannot be seen in the _________ light without staining.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• UV
• infrared
• polarized
• visible
Correct Option: D  [ visible ]

Remark: Pure DNA fragments cannot be seen in the visible light without staining.

The process of extracting the purified DNA fragments from the gel piece after visualization is known as _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• precipitation
• spooling
• elution
• digestion
Correct Option: C  [ elution ]

Remark: Elution is the step where separated bands are cut out and extracted.