Match the Bt Toxin mechanism details in List-I with their corresponding description in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Bt toxin exists as an inactive protoxin in the bacterium *Bacillus thuringiensis*.
B. The inactive toxin is converted to active form due to the alkaline pH of the insect gut.
C. The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells.
D. The creation of pores causes cell swelling and lysis, eventually causing the death of the insect.

Match the Insulin production methods in List-I with their associated challenges/successes in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. The main challenge for producing human insulin using rDNA techniques was getting the pro-hormone assembled into a mature form.
B. Eli Lilly produced chains A and B separately in *E. coli* plasmids.
C. Insulin from slaughtered animals caused allergy or reactions to the foreign protein.
D. Recombinant therapeutics do not induce unwanted immunological responses.

Match the Gene Therapy applications in List-I with their corresponding details in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Gene therapy involves inserting genes into cells and tissues to treat a disease.
B. Lymphocytes used in temporary gene therapy are first grown in a culture outside the body.
C. A permanent cure for ADA could be achieved if the gene is introduced at early embryonic stages.
D. Gene correction involves delivering a normal gene to compensate for the non-functional gene.

Match the organisms in List-I with their status/role in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. GMOs are organisms (plants, bacteria, fungi, animals) whose genes have been altered by manipulation.
B. Transgenic animals have manipulated DNA to possess and express a foreign gene.
C. *E. coli* plasmids were used by Eli Lilly to produce human insulin chains.
D. *Bacillus thuringiensis* forms protein crystals containing a toxic insecticidal protein (inactive protoxin).

Match the plant types and related pests in List-I with their corresponding details in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. *Meloidegyne incognitia* is a nematode that infects the roots of tobacco plants.
B. The transgenic host expresses specific interfering RNA, making the parasite unable to survive.
C. Bt cotton expresses the Bt toxin gene, acting as a bio-pesticide against bollworms.
D. Corn borer is controlled by the protein encoded by the *cryIAb* gene.

Match the Transgenic Animal details in List-I with their context/purpose in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Rosie was the first transgenic cow, produced in 1997.
B. Human alpha-lactalbumin made Rosie's milk nutritionally balanced for human babies.
C. Transgenic mice are being developed for vaccine safety testing (e.g., polio vaccine).
D. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a biological product used to treat emphysema.

Match the human diseases in List-I with their associated gene therapy/model status in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. ADA deficiency was the first disease treated by clinical gene therapy in 1990.
B. Similar attempts to those for emphysema are being made for the treatment of PKU using transgenic animals.
C. Transgenic animals are designed to serve as models for cancer to understand gene contribution.
D. PCR is routinely used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients.

Match the plant types/processes in List-I with their purpose or status in List-II:

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S
• A-Q, B-P, C-R, D-S
• A-P, B-R, C-Q, D-S
• A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P
Correct Option: A  [ A-P, B-Q, C-R, D-S ]

Remark: A. Tissue culture was developed when traditional breeding techniques were deemed too slow and inefficient.
B. Somaclones are genetically identical plants produced by micro-propagation.
C. The meristem (apical and axillary) is characteristically virus-free.
D. Protoplasts are isolated naked cells obtained by digesting plant cell walls.

Assertion (A):
A novel strategy based on RNA interference (RNAi) was adopted to prevent infestation of tobacco plants by the nematode Meloidegyne incognitia.
Reason (R):
RNAi involves introducing nematode-specific genes via Agrobacterium vectors, which produce complementary sense and anti-sense RNA strands that form dsRNA, thereby silencing the parasite's specific mRNA.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: The nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects tobacco roots, causing great reduction in yield.
RNAi is a method of cellular defense involving silencing of specific mRNA due to a complementary dsRNA.
In transgenic plants, Agrobacterium vectors introduce DNA that produces complementary sense and anti-sense RNA, forming dsRNA and silencing the nematode’s specific mRNA, thus protecting the plant.

Assertion (A):
Genetically modified (GM) plants have been developed to be more tolerant to abiotic stresses.
Reason (R):
Genetic modification allows the crops to incorporate genes that provide increased tolerance to environmental conditions like cold, drought, salt, and heat.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: GM plants are modified to better withstand environmental stresses, such as high temperature, drought, and salinity, reducing crop losses.