Assertion (A):
Thousands of plants produced through micro-propagation are genetically identical to the original parent plant.
Reason (R):
Micro-propagation is a tissue culture method where plants are regenerated from an explant, and the resulting offspring are referred to as somaclones.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: Micro-propagation is mass production of plants via tissue culture. Since they are derived asexually from an explant, they are genetically identical (somaclones).

Assertion (A):
In mammals, insulin is initially synthesized as a pro-hormone.
Reason (R):
The pro-hormone contains an extra stretch called the C peptide, which is required for the proper folding of the molecule but is removed during maturation to form functional insulin.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: The insulin pro-hormone must be processed to become mature and functional, involving the removal of the C peptide, which links chains A and B.

Assertion (A):
The choice of a specific Bt toxin gene for incorporation into a crop plant depends on the targeted pest.
Reason (R):
Most Bt toxins are insect-group specific; for instance, the protein encoded by cryIAb controls corn borer, while cryIAc controls cotton bollworms.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: Bt toxin genes exhibit specificity. Different Cry proteins target different groups of insects (lepidopterans, coleopterans, dipterans).

Assertion (A):
Even if a plant is infected with a virus, it is possible to obtain virus-free plants by culturing the meristem.
Reason (R):
The apical and axillary meristems are typically free of viruses.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: Virus particles often fail to reach the rapidly dividing cells of the meristem (apical and axillary), allowing scientists to culture this region in vitro to achieve virus-free plants.

Assertion (A):
PCR is commonly used in molecular diagnosis to detect pathogens before the appearance of disease symptoms.
Reason (R):
PCR can detect the presence of a pathogen by amplifying its nucleic acid even when the concentration of the bacteria or virus is very low in the body.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: PCR’s high sensitivity allows for the amplification of trace amounts of pathogen DNA/RNA, enabling early diagnosis before the pathogen load is high enough to cause visible symptoms.

Assertion (A):
Recombinant therapeutics are safe and do not typically induce unwanted immunological responses in humans.
Reason (R):
Recombinant therapeutic drugs are genetically engineered to be structurally identical to natural human proteins.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: Recombinant products are free from the risk of infection and, being identical to human proteins, are less likely to trigger adverse immune reactions than products sourced from non-human animals.

Assertion (A):
The milk produced by the first transgenic cow, Rosie, was nutritionally superior to natural cow-milk for human babies.
Reason (R):
Rosie produced milk enriched with human alpha-lactalbumin, making it a more balanced product.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: Rosie produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre) containing the human alpha-lactalbumin, improving its nutritional balance for infants.

Assertion (A):
Somatic hybridisation involving the fusion of tomato and potato protoplasts successfully resulted in the formation of 'Pomato'.
Reason (R):
Pomato became a commercially successful hybrid plant because it displayed the complete set of desired characteristics from both parent species.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: C  [ C ]

Remark: The formation of Pomato was achieved (A is True). However, R is False because the plant did not possess all the desired characteristics for commercial utilization.

Assertion (A):
Biopiracy is primarily a concern for developed industrialised nations because they are rich in traditional knowledge.
Reason (R):
Biopiracy refers to the unauthorized use of bio-resources and associated traditional knowledge, primarily of developing and underdeveloped nations, by multinational companies without compensatory payment.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: D  [ D ]

Remark: A is False: Industrialized nations are rich financially but generally poor in biodiversity and traditional knowledge.
R is True: This is the definition of biopiracy and highlights the exploitation of resource-rich developing nations.

Assertion (A):
Golden Rice is a genetically modified crop that is highly beneficial in preventing Xerophthalmia in developing countries.
Reason (R):
Golden rice has been enhanced for nutritional value as it contains an increased amount of Vitamin A.

[Biotechnology-and-its-Applications] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: Genetic modification has enhanced the nutritional value of food, exemplified by Golden Rice.
Golden Rice is enriched with Vitamin A, which helps combat Vitamin A deficiency, a major cause of preventable blindness like Xerophthalmia.