Assertion (A):
The ultimate aim of almost all recombinant technologies is to produce a desirable protein.
Reason (R):
If any protein encoding gene is expressed in a heterologous host, the resulting protein is called a recombinant protein.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: B  [ B ]

Remark: A is True: The ultimate goal is usually protein production.
R is True: R provides the definition of the resulting product. R is a definition related to the goal in A, but does not explain why that goal exists.

Assertion (A):
The cells harboring cloned genes may be grown in a continuous culture system to maintain them in their physiologically most active log/exponential phase.
Reason (R):
This continuous culturing method results in a larger biomass, leading to higher yields of the desired protein.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: A is True: Continuous culture keeps cells in the log phase.
R is True: The benefit of continuous culture (R) is directly linked to the technique (A) used to achieve high yields. R explains A.

Assertion (A):
Small volume cultures cannot yield appreciable quantities of products.
Reason (R):
Bioreactors were developed to handle large volumes (100–1000 litres) and provide optimal growth conditions for large-scale production.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: A is True: Small cultures are insufficient.
R is True: Bioreactors are the necessary solution developed for large-scale processing. R explains the development required due to the limitation in A.

Assertion (A):
Downstream processing must be applied to the product after the biosynthetic stage before it is ready for marketing.
Reason (R):
Downstream processing includes separation, purification, and strict quality control testing of the final product.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: A is True: DSP follows biosynthesis.
R is True: The components listed (separation, purification, quality control) are the reason why DSP is mandatory before marketing. R explains A.

Assertion (A):
Biotechnological products must undergo thorough clinical trials as in the case of drugs.
Reason (R):
The formulation of the product must be finalized with suitable preservatives during downstream processing.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: B  [ B ]

Remark: A is True: Clinical trials are required, especially for drugs.
R is True: Formulation with preservatives is part of DSP. Both are steps in DSP, but R does not explain why clinical trials (A) are necessary.

Assertion (A):
Stirred-tank bioreactors are cylindrical or have a curved base.
Reason (R):
This shape facilitates even mixing and oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: A is True: The typical shape of a stirred-tank reactor is cylindrical or curved at the base.
R is True: The shape and the stirrer mechanism are designed specifically to facilitate even mixing and oxygen availability. R explains the purpose of the shape/design in A.

Assertion (A):
Bioreactors have sampling ports.
Reason (R):
Sampling ports allow small volumes of the culture to be withdrawn periodically for monitoring the process.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: A is True: Bioreactors possess sampling ports.
R is True: The function of the ports is to allow periodic withdrawal of culture samples. R explains the purpose of A.

Assertion (A):
The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) definition of biotechnology integrates natural science and organisms, cells, and parts thereof for products and services.
Reason (R):
The EFB definition encompasses both the traditional view (like making curd) and modern molecular biotechnology (like genetic engineering).

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: A is True: EFB provides a specific definition.
R is True: EFB defined it this way specifically to encompass both traditional and modern views. R explains A.

Assertion (A):
Genetic engineering aims to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) and introduce it into host organisms.
Reason (R):
The ultimate goal of genetic engineering is to change the phenotype of the host organism.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: A is True: Genetic engineering techniques alter DNA/RNA and introduce it into hosts.
R is True: The alteration (A) is performed specifically to change the phenotype (R). R explains the purpose of A.

Assertion (A):
Bioprocess engineering requires the maintenance of a sterile ambience in chemical engineering processes.
Reason (R):
Sterility ensures the growth of only the desired microbe or eukaryotic cell in large quantities for manufacturing biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, and enzymes.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
• (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
• (C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
• (D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Correct Option: A  [ A ]

Remark: A is True: Bioprocess engineering involves maintaining sterile ambience.
R is True: The purpose of sterility is to avoid contamination and ensure growth of only the desired organism. R explains A.