In the majority of organisms, the genetic material is:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• RNA
• DNA
• Protein
• Lipid
Correct Option: B  [ DNA ]

Remark: Nucleic acid is the genetic material of all organisms; in the majority, this is deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.

The two core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology are Genetic Engineering and:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Chemical Engineering
• Cellular Engineering
• Bioprocess Engineering
• Molecular Engineering
Correct Option: C  [ Bioprocess Engineering ]

Remark: The two core techniques are Genetic engineering and Bioprocess engineering.

Asexual reproduction primarily serves to _________ the genetic information.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Vary
• Modify
• Preserve
• Eliminate
Correct Option: C  [ Preserve ]

Remark: Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic information, while sexual reproduction permits variation.

After transferring the recombinant DNA into the host, the next step in RDT involves culturing the host cells in a medium at:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Small scale
• Laboratory scale
• Large scale
• Optimum pH
Correct Option: C  [ Large scale ]

Remark: This step involves culturing the host cells in a medium at large scale.

The second basic step in genetically modifying an organism, following identification of the desired DNA, is the introduction of the identified DNA into the:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Vector
• Genome
• Host
• Progeny
Correct Option: C  [ Host ]

Remark: The second basic step is the introduction of the identified DNA into the host.

When restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the sequence 5'——GAATTC——3' / 3'——CTTAAG——5', it cuts between G and A on both strands, leaving sticky ends with the sequence:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• AATTC
• CTTAA
• GAATT
• TTAAG
Correct Option: A  [ AATTC ]

Remark: EcoRI cuts between G and A, leaving the single-stranded portion AATTC on the 5' side.

The final step in recombinant DNA technology, following culturing the host cells, is the extraction of the desired product and subsequent:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Fragmentation
• Ligation
• Purification
• Transformation
Correct Option: C  [ Purification ]

Remark: The process includes extraction of the desired product (functional protein) and purification (part of downstream processing).

Bioprocess engineering, requiring sterile ambiance, is crucial for manufacturing biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, and:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Lipids
• Nucleotides
• Enzymes
• Carbohydrates
Correct Option: C  [ Enzymes ]

Remark: Bioprocess engineering is essential for manufacturing biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, etc.

Genetic engineering overcomes the primary limitation of traditional hybridization, which is the inclusion and multiplication of:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Desired genes
• Recessive genes
• Undesirable genes
• Dominant genes
Correct Option: C  [ Undesirable genes ]

Remark: Genetic engineering overcomes the traditional limitation of including undesirable genes along with the desired ones.

If an alien piece of DNA gets integrated into the recipient’s genome, it can multiply because it becomes part of a chromosome which has the ability to:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Inactivate other genes
• Form sticky ends
• Replicate
• Code for proteins
Correct Option: C  [ Replicate ]

Remark: The alien piece of DNA multiplies because it has become part of a chromosome, which has the ability to replicate.