The core technique involving techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) and introduce them into host organisms is called _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Bioprocess engineering
• Gene therapy
• Genetic engineering
• Hybridization
Correct Option: C  [ Genetic engineering ]

Remark: Genetic engineering is defined as techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material.

The core technique involving maintenance of sterile ambience to enable growth of only the desired microbe in large quantities is called _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Bioprocess engineering
• Genetic engineering
• Downstream processing
• Transformation
Correct Option: A  [ Bioprocess engineering ]

Remark: Bioprocess engineering involves the maintenance of sterile (microbial contamination-free) ambience.

Sexual reproduction provides opportunities for _________ and formulation of unique combinations of genetic setup.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• stability
• preservation
• variation
• homogeneity
Correct Option: C  [ variation ]

Remark: Sexual reproduction provides opportunities for variations and formulation of unique combinations of genetic setup.

Traditional hybridisation procedures often lead to inclusion and multiplication of _________ genes along with the desired genes.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• recessive
• undesirable
• dominant
• beneficial
Correct Option: B  [ undesirable ]

Remark: Traditional hybridization often leads to the inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes.

Genetic engineering techniques allow us to isolate and introduce only _________ or a set of desirable genes without introducing undesirable genes.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• every gene
• one
• non-coding DNA
• all linked genes
Correct Option: B  [ one ]

Remark: Genetic engineering allows the isolation and introduction of only one or a set of desirable genes.

The specific DNA sequence in a chromosome responsible for initiating replication is called the _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• recognition sequence
• selectable marker
• origin of replication
• palindromic sequence
Correct Option: C  [ origin of replication ]

Remark: The origin of replication is responsible for initiating replication of DNA.

Linking an alien DNA piece with the origin of replication so that it can multiply itself in the host is also called _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• elution
• transformation
• cloning
• ligation
Correct Option: C  [ cloning ]

Remark: Linking alien DNA with the origin of replication enables replication and multiplication, also called cloning or making multiple identical copies.

The first recombinant DNA molecule was constructed by linking a gene for antibiotic resistance with a native plasmid of _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Escherichia coli
• Salmonella typhimurium
• Agrobacterium tumifaciens
• Thermus aquaticus
Correct Option: B  [ Salmonella typhimurium ]

Remark: The construction used a native plasmid of *Salmonella typhimurium*.

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer accomplished the construction of the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule in _________.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• 1963
• 1966
• 1972
• 1980
Correct Option: C  [ 1972 ]

Remark: Cohen and Boyer accomplished the construction of the first recombinant DNA in 1972.

The capability of cutting DNA at specific locations became possible with the discovery of restriction enzymes, often referred to as ‘molecular _________’.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• magnets
• scissors
• staplers
• glues
Correct Option: B  [ scissors ]

Remark: Restriction enzymes are known as ‘molecular scissors’.