Presence of which of the following conditions in
urine are indicative of Diabetes Mellitus?
AI-generated explanation. Check against your textbook.
Explanation:
Option 3 is correct. In Diabetes Mellitus, high blood glucose leads to glycosuria (glucose in urine) when renal threshold is exceeded. Insufficient insulin causes fat breakdown, producing ketone bodies, leading to ketonuria. Thus both glycosuria and ketonuria are indicative of diabetes.
🧠 Did You Know?
Glycosuria and ketonuria together suggest poor glycemic control in diabetes and possible diabetic ketoacidosis if severe.
💡 NCERT Memory Line:
In Diabetes Mellitus there is glycosuria and ketonuria due to hyperglycemia and fat breakdown.
Select the incorrectly matched pair from following:
AI-generated explanation. Check against your textbook.
Explanation:
Chondrocytes are the cells of cartilage, not smooth muscle. In NCERT, chondrocytes reside in cartilage matrix and maintain cartilage tissue. Neurons are nerve cells, Fibroblasts form the connective tissue fibers in areolar tissue, and Osteocytes are mature bone cells in bone tissue. Thus, option 1 is incorrect because it mismatches cartilage cells with smooth muscle cells.
🧠 Did You Know?
cartilage provides flexible support and is avascular, with chondrocytes in lacunae maintaining the matrix.
💡 NCERT Memory Line:
Chondrocytes are the cells of cartilage; osteocytes are bone cells; neurons are nerve cells; fibroblasts form fibers in connective tissues like areolar tissue.
Which of the following is associated with decrease in cardiac output?
AI-generated explanation. Check against your textbook.
Explanation:
Decrease in cardiac output occurs mainly when parasympathetic neural signals to the heart prevail. The vagus nerve slows the heart rate (and reduces contraction strength), lowering cardiac output. In NCERT, the parasympathetic system reduces heart rate and thus CO. Sympathetic nerves increase heart rate and force of contraction, raising CO. Adrenal medullary hormones (adrenaline) also increase heart rate and strength, again increasing CO. The pneumotaxic centre primarily regulates breathing patterns, not directly cardiac output, so it does not cause a decrease in CO by itself. Therefore, option 2 is correct.
🧠 Did You Know?
Parasympathetic effects on the heart are mediated by muscarinic receptors that slow heart rate.