Chemical Coordination and Integration MCQs

Read the following statements regarding growth factors:

I. Several non-endocrine tissues secrete hormones called growth factors.
II. Growth factors are essential for the normal growth of tissues and their repairing/regeneration.
III. Growth factors are secreted exclusively by organized endocrine glands.
IV. Growth factors inhibit the repairing and regeneration of damaged tissues.

Select the correct statements.

Consider the statements regarding hormone receptors:

I. Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by binding to specific proteins called hormone receptors.
II. Hormone receptors are present in all cells of the body to allow any hormone to act anywhere.
III. Hormone receptors present on the cell membrane of target cells are called membrane-bound receptors.
IV. Receptors present inside the target cell are called intracellular receptors, which are mostly nuclear receptors.

Choose the combination of correct statements.

Read the following statements regarding the hormone-receptor complex:

I. Binding of a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of a hormone-receptor complex.
II. Each receptor is non-specific and can bind to multiple types of hormones.
III. Hormone-receptor complex formation leads to certain biochemical changes in the target tissue.
IV. Target tissue metabolism and physiological functions are regulated by hormones through these complexes.

Identify the correct statement combination.

Read the statements regarding the chemical classification of hormones:

I. Insulin, glucagon, pituitary hormones, and hypothalamic hormones are peptide/protein hormones.
II. Cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone are steroid hormones.
III. Epinephrine is an iodothyronine.
IV. Thyroid hormones are iodothyronines.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the mechanism of action of peptide/protein hormones:

I. Hormones which interact with membrane-bound receptors normally do not enter the target cell.
II. They generate second messengers inside the cytoplasm.
III. Examples of second messengers include cyclic AMP (cAMP), IP₃, and Ca²⁺.
IV. Second messengers in turn regulate cellular metabolism.

Identify the correct statement combination.

Read the statements regarding the mechanism of action of steroid and thyroid hormones:

I. Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors (e.g., steroid hormones, iodothyronines) enter the target cell.
II. Intracellular hormone-receptor complexes directly generate second messengers like cAMP.
III. These hormones mostly regulate gene expression or chromosome function by the interaction of the hormone-receptor complex with the genome.
IV. Cumulative biochemical actions of these complexes result in physiological and developmental effects.

Select the correct statement combination.

Read the statements regarding antagonistic hormonal interactions in human physiology:

I. Insulin and glucagon act antagonistically to maintain blood glucose homeostasis.
II. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and thyrocalcitonin (TCT) act synergistically to increase blood calcium levels.
III. Glucagon is hypoglycemic and insulin is hyperglycemic.
IV. Both PTH and TCT are secreted by the thyroid gland.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about signaling molecules and hormone actions:

I. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a common second messenger generated by membrane-bound receptor activity.
II. IP₃ and Ca²⁺ ions serve as intracellular second messengers.
III. Estrogen and progesterone enter the cell and generate cAMP as a second messenger.
IV. FSH binds to membrane receptors and generates second messengers to carry out ovarian development.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements about endocrine tissue categorization:

I. The pancreas is a composite gland with both exocrine and endocrine components.
II. The testis performs dual functions as a primary sex organ and an endocrine gland.
III. The ovary acts as both a primary female sex organ and an endocrine gland.
IV. The thymus is a purely exocrine gland which has a duct system.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Read the following statements regarding hormones that stimulate RBC production (erythropoiesis):

I. Erythropoietin secreted by the JG cells of the kidney stimulates erythropoiesis.
II. Cortisol secreted by the adrenal cortex stimulates RBC production.
III. Androgens secreted by the testis play a stimulatory role in erythropoiesis.
IV. Thymosins secreted by the thymus stimulate the production of RBCs.

Choose the correct statement combination.