Read the statements below regarding the adrenal gland's anatomy and secretions:
I. The centrally located tissue of the adrenal gland is the adrenal cortex, and the outer layer is the adrenal medulla. II. The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones: adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). III. Catecholamines are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency situations. IV. Catecholamines act to decrease alertness, cause pupillary constriction, and decrease heart beat.
Identify the correct statement combination.
Statement I is incorrect because the adrenal medulla is the centrally located tissue, while the adrenal cortex forms the outer region. Statement IV is incorrect because catecholamines increase alertness, cause pupillary dilation, and increase heart rate and respiration during stress.
Question 22 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Consider the metabolic effects of catecholamines:
I. Catecholamines stimulate the breakdown of glycogen, resulting in a decreased concentration of glucose in the blood. II. Catecholamines increase the strength of heart contraction and the rate of respiration. III. Catecholamines stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statement I is incorrect because glycogen breakdown by catecholamines increases blood glucose concentration to provide energy during emergencies. Statements II and III are correct.
Question 23 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the statements regarding the adrenal cortex and Addison's disease:
I. The adrenal cortex can be divided into three layers, which from the inner to the outer side are: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. II. Underproduction of hormones by the adrenal cortex alters carbohydrate metabolism. III. Addison's disease is characterized by acute weakness and fatigue due to the underproduction of adrenal cortex hormones.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I is incorrect because from inner to outer, the adrenal cortex layers are zona reticularis → zona fasciculata → zona glomerulosa. Statements II and III are correct.
Question 24 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the statements regarding the functions of glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol):
I. Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis. II. Glucocorticoids stimulate the cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids. III. Cortisol is involved in maintaining the cardiovascular system as well as kidney functions. IV. Glucocorticoids (especially cortisol) produce anti-inflammatory reactions and suppress the immune response.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statement II is incorrect because glucocorticoids inhibit the cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids. Statements I, III and IV are correct.
Question 25 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Consider the functions of mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone) and cortex steroids:
I. Aldosterone acts mainly at the renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ and water. II. Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of K+ and phosphate ions. III. Aldosterone helps in the maintenance of electrolytes, body fluid volume, osmotic pressure, and blood pressure. IV. Small amounts of androgenic steroids are secreted by the adrenal cortex which play a role in the growth of axial, pubic, and facial hair during puberty.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statement II is incorrect because aldosterone promotes the excretion of K+ and phosphate ions while enhancing the reabsorption of Na+ and water. Statements I, III and IV are correct.
Question 26 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Consider the following statements about the pancreas:
I. Pancreas is a composite gland which acts as both exocrine and endocrine gland. II. The endocrine pancreas consists of Islets of Langerhans. III. There are about 1 to 2 million Islets of Langerhans in a normal human pancreas, representing about 10 to 12 percent of the pancreatic tissue. IV. The two main types of cells in the Islet of Langerhans are α-cells and β-cells.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statements I, II and IV are correct. Statement III is incorrect because although there are about 1 to 2 million Islets of Langerhans, they constitute only 1 to 2% of the pancreatic tissue, not 10 to 12%.
Question 27 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the statements regarding the pancreatic hormone glucagon:
I. Glucagon is a steroid hormone that plays a major role in glucose homeostasis. II. Glucagon acts mainly on the liver cells (hepatocytes) and stimulates glycogenolysis. III. It stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis, which contributes to hyperglycemia. IV. Glucagon enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilization.
Select the combination of correct statements.
Statement I is incorrect because glucagon is a peptide hormone, not a steroid hormone. Statement IV is incorrect because glucagon reduces cellular glucose uptake and utilization. Statements II and III are correct.
Question 28 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Consider the statements regarding insulin and its physiological actions:
I. Insulin is a peptide hormone which plays a major role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. II. Insulin acts mainly on hepatocytes and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue). III. Insulin enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilization, leading to hyperglycemia. IV. Insulin stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) in the target cells.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statements I, II and IV are correct. Statement III is incorrect because insulin lowers blood glucose concentration, producing hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia.
Question 29 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the statements regarding glucose homeostatic imbalances and Diabetes Mellitus:
I. Prolonged hypoglycemia leads to a complex disorder called diabetes mellitus. II. Diabetes mellitus is associated with the loss of glucose through urine. III. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the formation of harmful compounds known as ketone bodies. IV. Diabetic patients are successfully treated with glucagon therapy.
Choose the correct statement combination.
Statement I is incorrect because diabetes mellitus results from prolonged hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia. Statement IV is incorrect because diabetes mellitus is treated with insulin therapy, not glucagon therapy. Statements II and III are correct.
Question 30 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the following statements regarding the male gonads (testes):
I. A pair of testes is present in the scrotal sac (outside the abdomen) of male individuals. II. Testis performs dual functions as a primary sex organ as well as an endocrine gland. III. Testis is composed of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells only, lacking any stromal or interstitial tissue. IV. The Leydig cells are present in the intratubular spaces of the seminiferous tubules.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statements I and II are correct. Statement III is incorrect because the testis also contains stromal/interstitial tissue. Statement IV is incorrect because Leydig cells are present in the intertubular spaces, not inside the seminiferous tubules.
