Natural methods of contraception are based on the principle of:

[Reproductive-Health] [class-xii ]

• Using physical barriers
• Administering hormones
• Avoiding chances of ovum and sperm meeting
• Surgical intervention
Correct Option: C  [ Avoiding chances of ovum and sperm meeting ]

Remark: Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding the meeting of ovum and sperms. Examples include periodic abstinence and coitus interruptus.

What is the fertile period in a menstrual cycle that is avoided during periodic abstinence?

[Reproductive-Health] [class-xii ]

• Day 1 to 5
• Day 6 to 9
• Day 10 to 17
• Day 18 to 28
Correct Option: C  [ Day 10 to 17 ]

Remark: Periodic abstinence is a method where couples abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle, as ovulation is expected during this time, making the chances of fertilisation very high.

Lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method is effective only up to a maximum period of:

[Reproductive-Health] [class-xii ]

• Three months following parturition
• Six months following parturition
• Nine months following parturition
• One year following parturition
Correct Option: B  [ Six months following parturition ]

Remark: The lactational amenorrhea method has been reported to be effective only for a maximum period of six months following parturition, provided the mother breast-feeds the child fully.

Besides contraception, what is the additional benefit of using condoms?

[Reproductive-Health] [class-xii ]

• Protection from contracting STIs and AIDS
• Increasing sexual drive
• It is a permanent method
• It has no chance of failure
Correct Option: A  [ Protection from contracting STIs and AIDS ]

Remark: The use of condoms has increased in recent years due to its additional benefit of protecting the user from contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and AIDS.

Which of the following is an example of a copper-releasing Intra Uterine Device (IUD)?

[Reproductive-Health] [class-xii ]

• Lippes loop
• Progestasert
• Multiload 375
• LNG-20
Correct Option: C  [ Multiload 375 ]

Remark: Copper releasing IUDs include CuT, Cu7, and Multiload 375. Lippes loop is a non-medicated IUD, while Progestasert and LNG-20 are hormone-releasing IUDs.

How do hormone-releasing IUDs primarily work?

[Reproductive-Health] [class-xii ]

• They increase phagocytosis of sperms
• They suppress sperm motility
• They make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms
• They release copper ions
Correct Option: C  [ They make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms ]

Remark: Hormone releasing IUDs, such as Progestasert and LNG-20, make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms, in addition to increasing phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.

Oral contraceptive pills inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as:

[Reproductive-Health] [class-xii ]

• Increase the quality of cervical mucus to promote sperm entry
• Alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/retard sperm entry
• Increase sperm motility
• Make the uterus more suitable for implantation
Correct Option: B  [ Alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/retard sperm entry ]

Remark: Pills inhibit ovulation and implantation and also alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard the entry of sperms.

The oral contraceptive 'Saheli' is distinct because it:

[Reproductive-Health] [class-xii ]

• Contains a high dose of estrogen
• Is a daily pill
• Contains a non-steroidal preparation
• Must be implanted under the skin
Correct Option: C  [ Contains a non-steroidal preparation ]

Remark: Saheli is a new oral contraceptive for females that contains a non-steroidal preparation. It is also a ‘once a week’ pill with very few side effects.

Emergency contraceptives are effective if administered within how many hours of unprotected intercourse?

[Reproductive-Health] [class-xii ]

• 12 hours
• 24 hours
• 48 hours
• 72 hours
Correct Option: D  [ 72 hours ]

Remark: Administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus is very effective as an emergency contraceptive to avoid possible pregnancy.

The surgical method of sterilisation in males is known as:

[Reproductive-Health] [class-xii ]

• Tubectomy
• Hysterectomy
• Vasectomy
• Orchidectomy
Correct Option: C  [ Vasectomy ]

Remark: The sterilisation procedure in the male is called ‘vasectomy’. It involves removing or tying up a small part of the vas deferens.