How many base pairs are approximately present in the human haploid genome?

[Molecular-Basis-of-Inheritance] [class-xii ]

• 3 x 10^6
• 3 x 10^9
• 6 x 10^9
• 4.6 x 10^6
Correct Option: B  [ 3 x 10^9 ]

Remark: The human genome contains approximately 3.1647 billion base pairs, which is roughly 3 x 10^9 bp.

Which human chromosome has the highest number of genes?

[Molecular-Basis-of-Inheritance] [class-xii ]

• Chromosome X
• Chromosome Y
• Chromosome 1
• Chromosome 22
Correct Option: C  [ Chromosome 1 ]

Remark: Chromosome 1 contains the most genes (2968), and Chromosome Y has the fewest (231).

The methodology of sequencing only the coding parts of the genome is called?

[Molecular-Basis-of-Inheritance] [class-xii ]

• Sequence Annotation
• Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)
• Blind Approach
• Karyotyping
Correct Option: B  [ Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) ]

Remark: ESTs involves identifying and sequencing only those genes that are expressed as RNA.

The vectors used for cloning large DNA fragments in HGP were?

[Molecular-Basis-of-Inheritance] [class-xii ]

• Plasmid and Phage
• BAC and YAC
• Cosmid and Phagemid
• Viral vectors
Correct Option: B  [ BAC and YAC ]

Remark: Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC) and Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC) were used to clone large fragments of DNA for sequencing.

Repetitive DNA that shows a high degree of polymorphism is the basis of?

[Molecular-Basis-of-Inheritance] [class-xii ]

• Translation
• DNA Fingerprinting
• Transcription
• Protein Synthesis
Correct Option: B  [ DNA Fingerprinting ]

Remark: DNA fingerprinting relies on the polymorphism found in repetitive DNA sequences (Satellite DNA), such as VNTRs.

Which technique is used to separate DNA fragments based on size?

[Molecular-Basis-of-Inheritance] [class-xii ]

• Centrifugation
• PCR
• Gel Electrophoresis
• Blotting
Correct Option: C  [ Gel Electrophoresis ]

Remark: Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their size, with smaller fragments moving faster through the gel.

In DNA fingerprinting, the probe hybridizes with?

[Molecular-Basis-of-Inheritance] [class-xii ]

• Coding DNA
• VNTR (Repetitive DNA)
• mRNA
• tRNA
Correct Option: B  [ VNTR (Repetitive DNA) ]

Remark: Radioactive probes are designed to hybridize with specific complementary VNTR sequences on the membrane.

The technique of transferring DNA fragments from gel to a membrane is called?

[Molecular-Basis-of-Inheritance] [class-xii ]

• Northern Blotting
• Southern Blotting
• Western Blotting
• Eastern Blotting
Correct Option: B  [ Southern Blotting ]

Remark: Southern blotting is the transfer of DNA to a membrane (like nitrocellulose) for hybridization. Northern is for RNA, Western for protein.

Polymorphism in DNA sequence is defined as a variation found in a population at a frequency of?

[Molecular-Basis-of-Inheritance] [class-xii ]

• Greater than 0.01
• Less than 0.01
• Greater than 0.5
• 100%
Correct Option: A  [ Greater than 0.01 ]

Remark: If an inheritable mutation is observed in a population at a frequency greater than 0.01 (1%), it is referred to as DNA polymorphism.

Which scientist developed the technique of DNA Fingerprinting?

[Molecular-Basis-of-Inheritance] [class-xii ]

• Watson
• Crick
• Alec Jeffreys
• Sanger
Correct Option: C  [ Alec Jeffreys ]

Remark: Sir Alec Jeffreys developed the technique of DNA fingerprinting using satellite DNA probes.