The breakthrough by Boyer and Cohen involved inserting recombined segments of DNA into bacterial cells so that they could act as manufacturing plants for specific:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
Correct Option: C  [ Proteins ]

Remark: The bacterial cells, with recombined DNA, could then act as manufacturing plants for specific proteins.

Making curd, bread, or wine is considered a traditional form of biotechnology because these processes are:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Enzyme-mediated
• Chemical processes
• Microbe-mediated
• Fermentation processes
Correct Option: C  [ Microbe-mediated ]

Remark: Making curd, bread or wine are all microbe-mediated processes, and could be thought of as a form of biotechnology.

Modern biotechnology is used in a restricted sense to refer to processes that utilize:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Isolated enzymes
• Genetically modified organisms
• Large volume bioreactors
• Natural polymers and enzymes
Correct Option: B  [ Genetically modified organisms ]

Remark: Modern biotechnology primarily refers to processes which use genetically modified organisms to achieve desired outcomes on a larger scale.

The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) defines biotechnology as the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Welfare
• Services
• Food
• Health
Correct Option: B  [ Services ]

Remark: The EFB definition states the integration is for ‘products and services’.

Which core technique involves altering the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) and introducing them into host organisms to change the host's phenotype?

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Bioprocess engineering
• Gene therapy
• Genetic engineering
• Hybridization
Correct Option: C  [ Genetic engineering ]

Remark: Genetic engineering involves techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material and introduce them into host organisms.

Which core technique involves the maintenance of sterile (microbial contamination-free) ambience in chemical engineering processes?

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Genetic engineering
• Bioprocess engineering
• Downstream processing
• Cloning
Correct Option: B  [ Bioprocess engineering ]

Remark: Bioprocess engineering is the maintenance of sterile ambience to enable growth of only the desired microbe in large quantities.

Sexual reproduction provides opportunities for _________, which may be beneficial to the organism as well as the population.

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Stability
• Preservation
• Variations
• Homogeneity
Correct Option: C  [ Variations ]

Remark: Sexual reproduction provides opportunities for variations and formulation of unique combinations of genetic setup.

Traditional hybridisation procedures often lead to inclusion and multiplication of which type of genes along with the desired genes?

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Recessive genes
• Undesirable genes
• Dominant genes
• Beneficial genes
Correct Option: B  [ Undesirable genes ]

Remark: Traditional hybridisation often leads to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with the desired genes.

The specific DNA sequence in a chromosome responsible for initiating replication is called the:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Recognition sequence
• Selectable marker
• Origin of replication
• Palindromic sequence
Correct Option: C  [ Origin of replication ]

Remark: The origin of replication is responsible for initiating replication of DNA.

Linking an alien DNA piece with the origin of replication so that it can replicate and multiply itself in the host organism is also known as:

[Biotechnology-Principles-and-Processes] [class-xii ]

• Elution
• Transformation
• Cloning
• Ligation
Correct Option: C  [ Cloning ]

Remark: Linking alien DNA with the origin of replication, thereby making multiple identical copies, is called cloning.