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100 questions in this collection · Page 4 of 10
Question 31 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Excretory Products And Their Elimination
Analyze these statements regarding the nephron's vascular components:
I. The glomerulus is a capillary network fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole. II. The afferent arteriole is a fine branch of the renal artery. III. The lumen of the efferent arteriole is typically wider than that of the afferent arteriole. IV. The Malpighian body comprises the glomerulus along with the proximal convoluted tubule.
Statements I and II are correct. Statement III is incorrect because the efferent arteriole has a narrower lumen than the afferent arteriole, creating filtration pressure. Statement IV is incorrect because the Malpighian body consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
Question 32 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Excretory Products And Their Elimination
Read the statements about the filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle:
I. Podocytes are specialized epithelial cells that line the visceral wall of Bowman's capsule. II. The filtration membrane is composed of two distinct cellular layers, completely lacking a basement membrane. III. The intricate arrangement of podocytes leaves minute spaces called filtration slits or slit pores. IV. High hydrostatic pressure forces blood through the barrier, allowing all blood components including proteins to enter the tubule.
Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is incorrect because the filtration membrane consists of three layers: glomerular endothelium, basement membrane and Bowman's capsule epithelium. Statement IV is incorrect because proteins are retained in the blood during ultrafiltration.
Question 33 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Excretory Products And Their Elimination
Examine the functional anatomy of the loop of Henle:
I. The loop of Henle is a hairpin-shaped tubule consisting of a descending limb and an ascending limb. II. The descending limb is highly permeable to electrolytes but impermeable to water. III. The ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows the active or passive transport of electrolytes. IV. The tubular fluid becomes increasingly concentrated as it flows down the descending limb.
Statement I is correct because the loop of Henle is hairpin-shaped with descending and ascending limbs. Statement II is incorrect because the descending limb is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes. Statement III is correct because the ascending limb is impermeable to water and permits active or passive transport of electrolytes. Statement IV is correct because water reabsorption concentrates the tubular fluid as it descends.
Question 34 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Excretory Products And Their Elimination
Compare cortical nephrons with juxtamedullary nephrons based on these statements:
I. Cortical nephrons make up the minority of human nephrons. II. Juxtamedullary nephrons have a very long loop of Henle that extends deep into the renal medulla. III. Cortical nephrons have a highly developed vasa recta running parallel to their loops of Henle. IV. The glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons are located close to the junction of the cortex and medulla.
Statement I is incorrect because cortical nephrons constitute the majority of human nephrons. Statement II is correct because juxtamedullary nephrons possess long loops of Henle extending deep into the medulla. Statement III is incorrect because vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in cortical nephrons. Statement IV is correct because juxtamedullary glomeruli lie close to the corticomedullary junction.
Question 35 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Excretory Products And Their Elimination
Study the renal circulation details regarding peritubular capillaries and vasa recta:
I. Peritubular capillaries are formed by the branching of the afferent arteriole around the renal tubule. II. Vasa recta is a U-shaped blood vessel that runs parallel to the loop of Henle. III. The vasa recta is highly reduced or completely absent in cortical nephrons. IV. The capillaries of the vasa recta play a crucial role in maintaining the medullary interstitial concentration gradient.
Statement I is incorrect because the peritubular capillary network arises from the efferent arteriole. Statements II, III and IV are correct because the vasa recta are U-shaped vessels, are absent or highly reduced in cortical nephrons, and help maintain the medullary osmotic gradient.
Question 36 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Excretory Products And Their Elimination
Evaluate these statements regarding renal filtration parameters and kidney throughput:
I. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of a healthy adult is approximately 180 mL/minute. II. The kidneys filter about 1100–1200 mL of blood per minute, which is roughly 20% of the cardiac output of each ventricle. III. A comparison of daily GFR (180 L/day) and daily urine output (1.5 L) indicates that 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed. IV. Blood is filtered so finely during ultrafiltration that proteins also easily cross into the renal tubule.
Statement I is incorrect because normal GFR is about 125 mL/minute (approximately 180 litres/day). Statements II and III are correct. Statement IV is incorrect because plasma proteins are normally retained in the blood during ultrafiltration.
Question 37 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Excretory Products And Their Elimination
Analyze the structure and filtration dynamics of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA):
I. JGA is formed by cellular modifications in the distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole at their point of contact. II. A rise in GFR activates the JG cells to release renin. III. Renin release from the JGA helps restore glomerular blood flow and brings GFR back to normal. IV. The JGA acts as an efficient autoregulatory feedback system in the human kidney.
Statement I is correct because the JGA is formed by specialized cells of the distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole. Statement II is incorrect because a fall in GFR stimulates renin release. Statements III and IV are correct because renin restores glomerular blood flow and the JGA serves as an autoregulatory feedback mechanism.
Question 38 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Excretory Products And Their Elimination
Examine how the renal tubules handle different molecules during reabsorption:
I. Amino acids and glucose in the filtrate are reabsorbed actively. II. Sodium ions (Na+) are reabsorbed passively in all parts of the nephron. III. Water reabsorption occurs passively in the initial segments of the nephron. IV. Nitrogenous wastes are reabsorbed into the blood by active transport mechanisms.
Statement I is correct because glucose and amino acids are actively reabsorbed. Statement II is incorrect because sodium is mainly reabsorbed by active transport. Statement III is correct because water is reabsorbed passively by osmosis in the initial nephron segments. Statement IV is incorrect because nitrogenous wastes are reabsorbed by passive transport rather than active transport.
Question 39 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Excretory Products And Their Elimination
Read these statements about the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
I. The PCT is lined by simple columnar ciliated epithelium to sweep the filtrate forward. II. Nearly 70–80 per cent of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed in the PCT. III. Virtually all essential nutrients are reabsorbed by the PCT segment. IV. PCT is the only segment of the nephron that does not participate in maintaining the pH of body fluids.
Statement I is incorrect because the PCT is lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium, not columnar ciliated epithelium. Statement II is correct because nearly 70–80% of water and electrolytes are reabsorbed in the PCT. Statement III is correct because almost all essential nutrients are reabsorbed in this segment. Statement IV is incorrect because the PCT helps maintain acid-base balance by secreting H+ and NH3 while reabsorbing HCO3-.
Question 40 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Excretory Products And Their Elimination
Consider the role of renal tubules in maintaining ionic and acid-base balance:
I. The PCT secretes hydrogen ions and ammonia into the filtrate and reabsorbs HCO3- from it. II. The DCT is capable of selective secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions and NH3. III. The collecting duct plays no role in pH maintenance because it only acts as a storage tube. IV. Tubular secretion is highly important as it maintains the ionic and acid-base balance of body fluids.
Statements I and II are correct because the PCT and DCT participate in acid-base regulation through secretion and reabsorption mechanisms. Statement III is incorrect because the collecting duct also maintains pH and ionic balance by selective secretion of H+ and K+. Statement IV is correct because tubular secretion is essential for maintaining ionic and acid-base balance.