Assess the correctness of the following statements regarding gastrointestinal tract infections:
I. Inflammation of the intestinal tract is the most common ailment of the digestive system. II. Intestinal inflammation is primarily caused by bacterial or viral infections. III. Intestinal infections can be caused by parasites such as tapeworm, roundworm, threadworm, hookworm, and pinworm. IV. Intestinal parasites only inhabit the stomach lumen due to its highly acidic environment.
Explanation: Statements I, II, and III are correct. Inflammation of the intestinal tract is commonly caused by bacterial and viral infections as well as intestinal parasites such as tapeworms, roundworms, threadworms, hookworms, and pinworms. Statement IV is incorrect because these parasites inhabit the intestinal tract, not the acidic stomach.
Question 82 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
With respect to Jaundice, evaluate the following statements:
I. Jaundice is a disorder where the lungs and kidneys are heavily affected. II. In Jaundice, the skin and eyes turn yellow due to the deposition of bile pigments. III. It occurs primarily due to a malfunctioning pancreatic duct. IV. The liver is the principal organ affected in this condition.
Explanation: Statements II and IV are correct. Jaundice is a liver disorder in which bile pigments accumulate, causing yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes. Statements I and III are incorrect because the primary organ affected is the liver, not the lungs, kidneys, or pancreatic duct.
Question 83 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the following statements regarding the physiological mechanism of vomiting:
I. Vomiting is the ejection of stomach contents through the mouth. II. It is a reflex action controlled by the vomit centre located in the cerebellum. III. A feeling of nausea always precedes vomiting. IV. Vomiting is entirely a voluntary muscular process.
Explanation: Statements I and III are correct. Vomiting is the expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth and is usually preceded by nausea. Statement II is incorrect because the vomit centre is located in the medulla, not the cerebellum. Statement IV is incorrect because vomiting is an involuntary reflex action.
Question 84 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Assess the correctness of the statements regarding Diarrhoea:
I. Diarrhoea is characterized by the abnormal frequency of bowel movement. II. It is accompanied by increased liquidity of the faecal discharge. III. Diarrhoea significantly reduces the absorption of food. IV. Diarrhoea increases the retention of faeces within the colon.
Explanation: Statements I, II, and III are correct. Diarrhoea is characterized by frequent bowel movements, increased liquidity of faeces, and reduced absorption of food. Statement IV is incorrect because diarrhoea is associated with rapid bowel movements, not retention of faeces.
Question 85 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Which of the following statements regarding Constipation is/are correct?
I. In constipation, the faeces are retained within the rectum. II. It occurs because bowel movements happen irregularly. III. Absorption of food is significantly increased during constipation. IV. Constipation is controlled by a reflex centre in the pons region of the brainstem.
Explanation: Statements I and II are correct. Constipation results from irregular bowel movements causing retention of faeces in the rectum. Statement III is incorrect because constipation does not significantly increase nutrient absorption. Statement IV is incorrect because NCERT does not associate constipation with a reflex centre in the pons.
Question 86 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Evaluate the causes of the digestive disorder Indigestion:
I. Indigestion is a state where food is not properly digested, leading to a feeling of fullness. II. It can be caused by inadequate digestive enzyme secretion and overeating. III. Anxiety and food poisoning are psychological and pathological causes of indigestion. IV. Consuming bland, boiled food is a primary cause of indigestion.
Explanation: Statements I, II, and III are correct. Indigestion causes a feeling of fullness and may result from inadequate enzyme secretion, overeating, anxiety, food poisoning, or spicy food. Statement IV is incorrect because bland or boiled food is not a cause of indigestion.
Question 87 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the following statements regarding the adult human dental formula and select the correct set:
I. The dental formula represents the arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw. II. The order of teeth represented in the formula is Incisors (I), Canines (C), Premolars (PM), and Molars (M). III. The dental formula of adult humans is 2123/2123. IV. The total number of permanent teeth represented by this formula is 32.
Explanation: All statements are correct. The dental formula represents the arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw. Adult humans have the dental formula 2123/2123, giving a total of 32 permanent teeth.
Question 88 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Analyze the statements about the composition of human saliva and identify the correct combination:
I. Saliva contains electrolytes like Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3-. II. It contains carbohydrate-splitting enzymes such as salivary amylase. III. It contains lysozyme, which acts as an antibacterial agent. IV. Saliva contains protein-splitting pepsin enzymes to begin protein digestion in the mouth.
Explanation: Statements I, II, and III are correct. Saliva contains electrolytes, salivary amylase, and antibacterial lysozyme. Statement IV is incorrect because pepsin is a gastric enzyme and is absent from saliva.
Question 89 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Evaluate the statements regarding absorption in the stomach and select the correct set:
I. The stomach is the principal organ for the absorption of all major nutrients. II. In the stomach, absorption of water, simple sugars, and alcohol takes place. III. Gastric absorption occurs across the mucosal membrane into the blood capillaries. IV. Monosaccharides like glucose require active transport to be absorbed in the stomach.
Explanation: Statements II and III are correct. The stomach absorbs water, simple sugars, and alcohol through its mucosal membrane into blood capillaries. Statement I is incorrect because the small intestine is the principal site of nutrient absorption. Statement IV is incorrect because active transport of glucose occurs in the small intestine, not the stomach.
Question 90 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the following statements regarding the specialized cells of the gastric glands:
I. Mucus neck cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining. II. Peptic or chief cells secrete the active proteolytic enzyme pepsin. III. Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl). IV. Oxyntic cells secrete intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.
Explanation: Statements I, III, and IV are correct. Mucus neck cells secrete mucus, while parietal (oxyntic) cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor required for vitamin B12 absorption. Statement II is incorrect because chief cells secrete the inactive proenzyme pepsinogen, not active pepsin.
