Read the following statements regarding human dentition and identify the correct combination of statements:
I. Majority of mammals including humans form two sets of teeth during their life (diphyodont). II. Each tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone, a condition called thecodont. III. The dental formula of human adults is 2102/2102. IV. The hard chewing surface of the teeth, made up of dentine, helps in mastication.
Select the correct option.
Statement I is correct because humans are diphyodont and develop two sets of teeth during life. Statement II is correct because human teeth are thecodont, being embedded in sockets of the jaw bone. Statement III is incorrect since the adult dental formula is 2-1-2-3 / 2-1-2-3. Statement IV is incorrect because the hard chewing surface is formed by enamel, not dentine.
Question 2 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the following statements regarding the stomach and small intestine and select the correct set:
I. The stomach has three major parts: cardiac, fundic, and pyloric portions. II. The oesophagus opens into the fundic region of the stomach. III. The small intestine is distinguishable into a 'U' shaped duodenum, a jejunum, and a highly coiled ileum. IV. The opening of the stomach into the duodenum is guarded by the pyloric sphincter.
Select the correct option.
Statement I is correct because the stomach consists of cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions. Statement II is incorrect because the oesophagus opens into the cardiac region. Statement III is incorrect because the duodenum is C-shaped, not U-shaped. Statement IV is correct because the pyloric sphincter guards the opening into the duodenum.
Question 3 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the following statements about the histology of the human alimentary canal and select the correct statements:
I. Serosa is the outermost layer made up of a thin mesothelium with some connective tissues. II. Muscularis is formed by smooth muscles usually arranged into an outer circular and an inner longitudinal layer. III. The sub-mucosal layer is formed of loose connective tissues containing nerves, blood, and lymph vessels. IV. An oblique muscle layer is present in the muscularis of all regions of the alimentary canal.
Select the correct option.
Statement I is correct because serosa is the outermost layer consisting of mesothelium and connective tissue. Statement II is incorrect because muscularis has an inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer. Statement III is correct because the submucosa contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. Statement IV is incorrect because the oblique muscle layer is found only in the stomach.
Question 4 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the following statements regarding human salivary glands and saliva and choose the correct combination:
I. Saliva is mainly produced by three pairs of salivary glands: parotids, sub-maxillary, and sub-linguals. II. Salivary glands are situated just inside the buccal cavity and secrete salivary juice directly. III. Salivary amylase hydrolyses about 30 percent of starch in the oral cavity at an optimum pH of 6.8. IV. Lysozyme present in saliva acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections.
Select the correct option.
Statement I is correct because humans possess three pairs of salivary glands. Statement II is incorrect because these glands are located outside the buccal cavity and discharge saliva into it through ducts. Statement III is correct as salivary amylase digests about 30% of starch at pH 6.8. Statement IV is correct because lysozyme has antibacterial activity.
Question 5 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Identify the correct set of statements regarding the anatomy of the human liver and associated ducts:
I. The hepatic lobules are the structural and functional units of the liver and are covered by Glisson's capsule. II. The duct of the gall bladder (cystic duct) along with the hepatic duct forms the common bile duct. III. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct open together into the duodenum as the common hepato-pancreatic duct. IV. The hepato-pancreatic duct is guarded by a sphincter called the Sphincter of Oddi.
Select the correct option.
All four statements are correct. Hepatic lobules are the structural and functional units of the liver. The cystic duct joins the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which unites with the pancreatic duct to form the hepato-pancreatic duct opening into the duodenum through the sphincter of Oddi.
Question 6 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Match the stomach mucosal cells with their functions by evaluating the correctness of these statements:
I. Mucus neck cells secrete mucus which helps in lubrication and protection of mucosal epithelium. II. Peptic or chief cells secrete the active proteolytic enzyme pepsin directly. III. Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor, which is essential for vitamin B12 absorption. IV. Renin is a proteolytic enzyme found in the gastric juice of infants that helps digest milk proteins.
Select the correct option.
Statement I is correct because mucus neck cells secrete mucus. Statement II is incorrect because chief cells secrete pepsinogen, the inactive precursor of pepsin. Statement III is correct because parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Statement IV is incorrect because the gastric enzyme is rennin, whereas renin is a kidney enzyme involved in blood pressure regulation.
Question 7 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the following statements about pancreatic juice and its activation, and choose the correct combination:
I. Pancreatic juice contains inactive enzymes: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidases. II. Trypsinogen is activated into active trypsin by enterokinase, which is secreted by the pancreatic exocrine cells. III. Trypsin in turn activates other inactive enzymes like chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases in the pancreatic juice. IV. Pancreatic juice is released into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
Select the correct option.
Statement I is correct because pancreatic enzymes are secreted in inactive forms. Statement II is incorrect because enterokinase is secreted by the intestinal mucosa, not pancreatic cells. Statement III is correct because trypsin activates other pancreatic zymogens. Statement IV is incorrect because pancreatic juice enters the duodenum through the hepato-pancreatic duct, not the common bile duct.
Question 8 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Assess the correctness of the following statements regarding bile juice:
I. Bile contains bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipids. II. Bile contains proteolytic enzymes that help in the partial digestion of proteins. III. Bile helps in emulsification of fats, breaking them down into very small micelles. IV. Bile activates lipases which are essential for fat digestion.
Select the correct option.
Statement I is correct because bile contains bile pigments, bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids. Statement II is incorrect because bile contains no digestive enzymes. Statement III is correct because bile emulsifies fats into very small micelles. Statement IV is correct because bile salts activate lipases, facilitating fat digestion.
Question 9 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Which of the following statements regarding intestinal juice (succus entericus) is/are correct?
I. Succus entericus is formed by the secretions of the brush border cells of mucosa along with secretions of goblet cells. II. It contains enzymes such as dipeptidases, maltase, lactase, sucrase, nucleosidases, and lipases. III. The alkaline medium (pH 7.8) required for enzymatic activities is provided by bicarbonates from the pancreas. IV. Sub-mucosal Brunner's glands also help in protecting the intestinal mucosa and providing an alkaline pH.
Select the correct option.
All four statements are correct. Succus entericus is formed from the secretions of brush border cells and goblet cells. It contains digestive enzymes including disaccharidases, dipeptidases, nucleosidases and lipases. Pancreatic bicarbonates and Brunner's glands help maintain the alkaline pH required for enzyme activity.
Question 10 of 100
📘 CLASS XI
Read the following statements about carbohydrate digestion and choose the correct combination:
I. Digestion of carbohydrates starts in the oral cavity through salivary amylase. II. Salivary amylase digests about 50% of the starch in the oral cavity. III. Pancreatic amylase digests the remaining polysaccharides into disaccharides in the duodenum. IV. Disaccharides are finally converted to monosaccharides by the enzymes in the gastric juice.
Select the correct option.
Statement I is correct because carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth through salivary amylase. Statement II is incorrect because only about 30% of starch is hydrolysed in the oral cavity. Statement III is correct because pancreatic amylase converts polysaccharides into disaccharides in the duodenum. Statement IV is incorrect because disaccharides are converted into monosaccharides by enzymes of succus entericus, not gastric juice.
